advantages of drosophila as a model organismruth putnam the crucible

Impact of the chromatin remodeling factor chd1 on gut microbiome composition of. The AMPK-PP2A axis in insect fat body is activated by 20-hydroxyecdysone to antagonize insulin/IGF signaling and restrict growth rate. WebMoreover, Drosophila melanogaster has its unique advantage as a model organism. The identification and quantification of different antimicrobial peptides by mass spectrometry technologies and gel electrophoresis, as well as their expression levels using qRT-PCR and NGS, may be evaluated to get information on the health status and especially on the immune status of Drosophila melanogaster receiving different diets or supplements such as bioactive compounds. ; Markov, A.V. Toll receptor-mediated, Rutschmann, S.; Jung, A.C.; Hetru, C.; Reichhart, J.M. Dantoft, W.; Davis, M.M. ; Sun, H.; Williams, D.; Lee, S.J. ; Hietakangas, V. PWP1 promotes nutrient-responsive expression of 5S ribosomal RNA. Certain mechanisms of gene activity regulation provide adequate cell responses to changes in environmental factors. The Importance of Time in Nutrient Regulation: A Case Study with Yang, J.S. Each of the large chromosomes contains a DNA molecule with 5cm in length that has to fit into a nucleus with a diameter of ca. ; Royet, J. Gobert, V.; Gottar, M.; Matskevich, A.A.; Rutschmann, S.; Royet, J.; Belvin, M.; Hoffmann, J.A. ; Clardy, J. government site. ; Morse, M.A. Non-human species are kept in laboratories as model creatures to study and experiment with biological processes. ; Smith, C.I. ; Tee, A.R. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling, Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription. ; Choi, U.Y. ; Zoncu, R.; Sabatini, D.M. Heterodimers of NF-kappaB transcription factors DIF and Relish regulate antimicrobial peptide genes in, Han, Z.S. ; Grosshans, J.; Goltz, J.S. The JNK signal transduction pathway. Bap180/Baf180 is required to maintain homeostasis of intestinal innate immune response in. Drosophila Sestrin as a feedback inhibitor of TOR that prevents age-related pathologies. The fly brain possesses more than 100,000 neurons and exhibits important functions in a similar way as in the mammalian central nervous system, including circadian rhythms, sleep, learning, memory, courtship, feeding, aggression, grooming, and flight navigation. G&S Fence Company These tools allow researchers to maintain complex stocks with multiple mutations on single chromosomes over generations, an advance that made flies the premier genetic system [4]. Jimnez-Martnez, M.; Stamatakis, K.; Fresno, M. The Dual-Specificity Phosphatase 10 (DUSP10): Its Role in Cancer, Inflammation, and Immunity. Osborne AJ, Dearden PK. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911244, Ogienko, Anna A., Evgeniya S. Omelina, Oleg V. Bylino, Mikhail A. Batin, Pavel G. Georgiev, and Alexey V. Pindyurin. Ye J, Cui X, Loraine A, Bynum K, Kim NC, White G, De Luca M, Garfinkel MD, Lu X, Ruden DM. ; Yu, K.; Lee, D.S. NB is funded by a postdoctoral grant from the Spanish Foundation Alfonso Martn Escudero. The funding body had no role in the design and the writing of the manuscript. It activates/suppresses protein synthesis and cell proliferation through the TOR signaling pathway (see below) in response to the presence of food/fasting conditions, respectively, and, at the same time, it suppresses cell proliferation through Foxo, mobilizing fat reserve in adipose tissues via Foxo activity upon fasting. ; Guntur, K.V. Extractions, precipitations, chromatography, electrophoresis, and centrifugation can be applied to separate the proteins, while mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and immune labeling can be used for protein identification and characterization. Lambrecht J, Schattenberg F, Harms H, Mueller S. Characterizing microbiome dynamics - flow cytometry based workflows from pure cultures to natural communities. Protein kinases: Mechanisms and downstream targets in inflammation-mediated obesity and insulin resistance. Fernndez-Moreno, M.A. Hietakangas, V.; Cohen, S.M. ; Hariharan, I.K. Giannakou, M.E. Initial data also point towards the use of flow cytometric microbiome analysis as an easy-to-use and cost-effective method to unravel effects on the Drosophila microbiota. An official website of the United States government. Leslie, N.R. ; Shaul, Y.D. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. It would assist to discover and validate primary small molecules and narrow it down to the most potential candidates, which may then be tested in rodents and eventually in humans [6]. ; Rinner, O.; Roguska, K.; Wepf, A.; Jnger, M.A. ; Batin, M.A. The flys alimentary canal is roughly divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut [27]; while the foregut is of ectodermal origin, the midgut and the hindgut areas all other organs of the flyof endodermal origin [28]. ; Gershman, B.; Gersham, B.; Tu, M.P. You are accessing a machine-readable page. ; Tamanoi, F. Huang, J.; Manning, B.D. Potential Application of Drosophila melanogaster as a Model Organism 23% within the ca. ; Morozova, T.V. Assembly of oligomeric death domain complexes during Toll receptor signaling. Chromosomal deletions and mutations have been generated for the production of Drosophila melanogaster mutants, targeting more than 80% of its genome [8]. Chang, Y.Y. 2019;8. Smith Wanli W., Thomas Joseph, Liu Jingnan, Li Tianxia, Moran Timothy H. From fat fruit fly to human obesity. Adv Cancer Res. Nieves Baenas, Email: ed.kcebeul-inu@saneab.sevein. ; Miller, R.A. It has been documented that flies react to various dietary compounds or drugs within their central nervous system in a similar way as observed in mammalian systems [6]. Mol. Sex-specific effects of interventions that extend fly life span. Changes in triglyceride levels and lipid storage induced by the intake of high-fat and high-sugar diets have been related with genetic variations in both genes of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) and the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway [12, 13]. Quantitative and molecular genetic analyses of mutations increasing, Soory, A.; Ratnaparkhi, G.S. The main technologies applied in metabolomics research are mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, both having advantages and disadvantages [59]. Carreira Valeria Paula, Mensch Julin, Hasson Esteban, Fanara Juan Jos. Neisch, A.L. [, Parks AL, Cook KR, Belvin M, Dompe NA, Fawcett R, Huppert K, Tan LR, Winter CG, Bogart KP, Deal JE, et al. ; Ip, Y.T. The ideal use of the fruit fly in nutrition and nutrigenomics research would be the establishment of a screening platform delivering essential information on host-genomic interactions. Structural basis for preferential recognition of diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan by a subset of peptidoglycan recognition proteins. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. Yang, S.; Long, L.H. As proteins present the functional part of genes and the mRNA information, the proteome accounts for the organisms phenotype [77]. ; Piper, M.D. Heterochromatin formation promotes longevity and represses ribosomal RNA synthesis. Highly regenerative species-specific genes improve age - bioRxiv Nat Commun. Vzina, C.; Kudelski, A.; Sehgal, S.N. Dantzer, R. Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa. Data regarding the proteome of Drosophila melanogaster in connection to different diets and/or dietary compounds are currently very limited. ; Carlson, J.W. Binding of the. Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Loboda A, Wagner AE, Stachurska A, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J, Doring F, Wolffram S, Rimbach G. Effect of quercetin and its metabolites isorhamnetin and quercetin-3-glucuronide on inflammatory gene expression: role of miR-155. Signaling mechanisms in the antimicrobial host defense of. Drosophila melanogaster provides a well-suited model organism to unravel these interactions in the context of nutrigenomics as it combines several advantages There are many technical advantages of using Drosophila over vertebrate models; they are easy and inexpensive to culture in laboratory conditions, have a much shorter life cycle, they produce large numbers of externally laid embryos and they can be ; Kim, J.; Shen, J.; Guo, R.; Johnson, C.L. Webas a Model Organism in HostPathogen Interaction Studies. ; et al. Bnrti, .; Lukcsovich, T.; Csiks, G.; Erdlyi, M.; Sass, M. PP2A regulates autophagy in two alternative ways in, Fischer, P.; Preiss, A.; Nagel, A.C. A triangular connection between Cyclin G, PP2A and Akt1 in the regulation of growth and metabolism in, Graveley, B.R. The Oct1 homolog Nubbin is a repressor of NF-B-dependent immune gene expression that increases the tolerance to gut microbiota. ; Vanden Broeck, J. Insulin/IGF signaling in. ; Paquette, N.; Hwang, D.; Kim, C.H. Other molecules that epigenetically modify gene expression are microRNAs (miRNA), small non-coding RNAs with a length of 1725 nucleotides, normally inhibiting gene expression. Owing to the genetic similarities and conserved pathways between a fruit fly and mammals, the use of the Drosophila model as a platform to unveil novel mechanisms of infection and disease progression has been justified and widely instigated. Slowed aging during reproductive dormancy is reflected in genome-wide transcriptome changes in. An important goal achieved in Drosophila genetics research is the generation of an RNAi knockdown fly line collection by the Vienna Drosophila Research Centre, targeting around 90% of the whole fly genome and being accessible for the research community [6]. ; Pletcher, S.D. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. Ruden Douglas M., Lu Xiangyi. ; Xu, M.M. 1). ; Epstein, D.; Tatar, M. The demography of slow aging in male and female, Clancy, D.J. Recently, these analyses have been based on the RNAseq technology, defined as transcriptome profiling using NGS. ; Kim, E.; Chung, J. Caspar, a suppressor of antibacterial immunity in, Park, J.M. ; Pan, D.; Neufeld, T.P. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, ; Stauch, M.; Gallant, M.; Wolf, E.; Raabe, T.; Gallant, P. snoRNAs are a novel class of biologically relevant Myc targets. ; Matsumoto, K.; OConnor, M.B. ; Choi, Y.; Nam, H.G. Hanson MA, Dostalova A, Ceroni C, Poidevin M, Kondo S, Lemaitre B. Synergy and remarkable specificity of antimicrobial peptides in vivo using a systematic knockout approach. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for studying the molecular mechanisms of replication, amplification, and cellular consequences of human viruses. However, studies in the context of diet-metabolome interaction are currently very limited. Kounatidis, I.; Chtarbanova, S.; Cao, Y.; Hayne, M.; Jayanth, D.; Ganetzky, B.; Ligoxygakis, P. NF-B Immunity in the Brain Determines Fly Lifespan in Healthy Aging and Age-Related Neurodegeneration. ; Nada, S.; Sabatini, D.M. Here we ectopically express high regenerative species-specific JmjC domain-encoding genes (HRJDs) in Drosophila, a widely used low regenerative model organism. The fruit fly can be used as a model organism in nutrigenomics, as changes in the microbiome, transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, and metabolome due to an interaction with the nutritional environment are detectable and evaluable by several methods (pictograms used are from vecteezy.com). ; Wessells, R.J.; Graham, S.M. These results are in contrast to other studies showing beneficial effects of L. plantarum especially in the context of developmental rates and ISC proliferation in young Drosophila melanogaster [2226]. Another possibility to check epigenetic changes is to study chromatin remodeling. Keith SA, Eutsey R, Lee H, Solomon B, Oliver S, Kingsford C, Hiller NL, McCartney BM. ; Celniker, S.E. Casper, A.L. In an experiment using axenic and gnotobiotic flies, Dobson et al. Ravelli AC, van der Meulen JH, Michels RP, Osmond C, Barker DJ, Hales CN, Bleker OP. The effects of age and dietary restriction on the tissue-specific metabolome of Drosophila. A large part of the fly's success as a model organism in modern neuroscience stems from the concentration of collaboratively generated molecular genetic and digital resources. Michel, T.; Reichhart, J.M. Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for Alzheimers ; Amanatides, P.G. For instance, standard metrics in lifespan assay are the assessment of mean, median, or maximum lifespans within a. The Rag GTPases bind raptor and mediate amino acid signaling to mTORC1. It is used as prime model organism for experimental studies of multi-cellular eukaryotic ; Perkins, G.A. Glatter, T.; Schittenhelm, R.B. 2011;21(2). Drosophila as a Model Organism - PubMed ; Takhaveev, V.; Dobson, A.J. The study of insects has played an important role in many areas of biology. Xi, J.; Cai, J.; Cheng, Y.; Fu, Y.; Wei, W.; Zhang, Z.; Zhuang, Z.; Hao, Y.; Lilly, M.A. Ugur Berrak, Chen Kuchuan, Bellen Hugo J. Drosophilatools and assays for the study of human diseases. ; Pang, B.-P. Review of treatment methods to remove. Ural. ; Partridge, L. Role of insulin-like signalling in. ; Yano, T.; Oshima, Y.; Aggarwal, K.; Goldman, W.E. Kaneko, T.; Goldman, W.E. ; Deak, M.; Casamayor, A.; Caudwell, F.B. Drosophila has more than a hundred-year history in genetic research . The sptzle gene encodes a component of the extracellular signaling pathway establishing the dorsal-ventral pattern of the, Weber, A.N. ; Treisman, J.E. DeVeale, B.; Brummel, T.; Seroude, L. Immunity and aging: The enemy within? ; Orr, W.C.; Radyuk, S.N. Minimal culturing requirements Another advantage of Drosophila is that they are very small and thus, very easy to maintain. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the While genes associated with immunity, metabolism, and hemocyanin have been mainly affected in flies fed with a high-fat diet, genes connected with cell cycle checkpoint kinases (CHK), cell cycle activity, and DNA binding and transcription have been upregulated in flies receiving a high-sugar diet [10]. Heinrichsen and co-workers [93] analyzed the metabolome of Drosophila melanogaster that received a high-fat diet (HFD). Yang, Q.; Inoki, K.; Kim, E.; Guan, K.L. Editorial: Invertebrates as Model Organisms: Opportunities and In humans, the gastrointestinal tract is populated by a multiplicity of microorganisms including more than 500 different bacterial species. Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. and A.V.P. ; Gao, X.; Chiarelli, D.A. Zhang, T.; Zhou, Q.; Ogmundsdottir, M.H. ; Colombani, J.; Palmerini, V.; Chakrabandhu, K.; Boone, E.; Rthlisberger, M.; Toggweiler, J.; Basler, K.; Mapelli, M.; Hueber, A.O. Before Drosophila Melanogaster The proteome is defined as the protein complement that is present in a cell, an organ, or an organism at a given time [54, 77]. Drosophila melanogaster is a well-known model in the context of metabolomics research [91, 92]. La Marca, J.E. Identification of microbiota-induced gene expression changes in the, Gonzalez MA, Van Booven D, Hulme W, Ulloa RH, Lebrigio RFA, Osterloh J, Logan M, Freeman M, Zuchner S. Whole genome sequencing and a new bioinformatics platform allow for rapid gene identification in. J. Mol. ; Oksanen, K.; Ulvila, J.; Hultmark, D.; Valanne, S.; Rmet, M. Pirk is a negative regulator of the. Endicott, S.J. WebDrosophila as an emerging model organism for studies of food-derived antioxidants. Drosophila melanogaster ; Lee, J.H. A consensus cell type atlas from multiple connectomes reveals Sestrin2 inhibits mTORC1 through modulation of GATOR complexes. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Myllymki, H.; Rmet, M. Transcription factor zfh1 downregulates, He, X.; Yu, J.; Wang, M.; Cheng, Y.; Han, Y.; Yang, S.; Shi, G.; Sun, L.; Fang, Y.; Gong, S.T. ; Lushchak, O.V. Towpik, J.; Graczyk, D.; Gajda, A.; Lefebvre, O.; Boguta, M. Derepression of RNA polymerase III transcription by phosphorylation and nuclear export of its negative regulator, Maf1. Guillemette, B.; Drogaris, P.; Lin, H.H. Jones, O.R. Although this method does not deliver direct phylogenetic information, it provides information about relative subcommunity abundance and absolute cell numbers at-line through distinct light scatter and fluorescence properties [88]. Taking advantage of the sophisticated genetic tools available in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, its complex gastrointestinal system and the presence of a clear microbiota, it would be a predestined model to unravel host-microbiota interactions related to nutrition. ; Birse, R.; Kim, T.E. Tiebe, M.; Lutz, M.; De La Garza, A.; Buechling, T.; Boutros, M.; Teleman, A.A. REPTOR and REPTOR-BP Regulate Organismal Metabolism and Transcription Downstream of TORC1. Davis, R.J. Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kinases. ; Regan, J.C.; Eer, J.; Drews, L.F.; Weinseis, T.; Stinn, J.; Hahn, O.; Miller, R.A.; Grnke, S.; Partridge, L. A TORC1-histone axis regulates chromatin organisation and non-canonical induction of autophagy to ameliorate ageing. ; Apweiler, R.; Fleischmann, W.; et al. It is small tiny, in fact as shown in Fig 2 and an utterly harmless and undistinguished member of ; Mller, K.; Siddaway, R.; Larue, L.; Hsing, M.; Kong, S.W. Drosophila as a Model Organism to Study Basic Mechanisms of The digestive tract of, Miguel-Aliaga I, Jasper H, Lemaitre B. Anatomy and physiology of the digestive tract of, Fast D, Duggal A, Foley E. Monoassociation with. Staats S, Wagner AE, Luersen K, Kunstner A, Meyer T, Kahns AK, Derer S, Graspeuntner S, Rupp J, Busch H, et al. Bibbo S, Ianiro G, Giorgio V, Scaldaferri F, Masucci L, Gasbarrini A, Cammarota G. The role of diet on gut microbiota composition. Broderick NA, Lemaitre B. Gut-associated microbes of. WebThey are a relatively simple rod-shaped bacterium but have numerous advantages associated with their use as a model organism. The basics of fruit flies. Additionally, a Drosophila melanogaster model exhibiting specific metabolic deficiencies may be applied to deliver information on dietary and/or pharmaceutic interventions contributing to a personalized nutrition approach prior to a costly testing in a human trial [100]. An and Fukusaki [92] provided a list with studies in the fruit fly using metabolomics approaches. Particularly, due to the presence of a fat body with adipocytes and conserved metabolic pathways involved in fat metabolism and insulin signaling, Drosophila melanogaster has been extensively used to investigate obesity-associated diseases, including cardiovascular dysfunction or cancer [911]. An organism ingests complex foods which are degraded into nutrients that interact with the microbiome. Drosophila contains fewer genes than humans, indicating less overall genetic redundancy. [45] compared the co-expression of specific and functionally related genes associated with growth, metabolism, and neurophysiological regulators (such as the components of the IIS and TOR pathways), showing an upregulation of these genes in the presence of the microbiota, and consequently its influence on the host transcriptome [45]. It has greatly advanced our understanding of a broad range of biological processes including genetics, inheritance, embryonic development, learning, and behavior (Jennings, Studies have shown that especially plant bioactives are able to affect miRNA expression which may partly explain their health-promoting properties documented in the development of various chronic inflammatory diseases [7274]. ; Batty, I.H. Adv in Nutr. Grech, A.; Quinn, R.; Srinivasan, D.; Badoux, X.; Brink, R. Complete structural characterisation of the mammalian and, Liu, H.; Su, Y.C. Drosophila as a Model Organism Noguchi, C.; Wang, L.; Shetty, M.; Mell, J.C.; Sell, C.; Noguchi, E. Maf1 limits RNA polymerase III-directed transcription to preserve genomic integrity and extend lifespan. ; Kim, M.; Kim, E.; Park, J.; Lee, S.B. ; Farr, C.L. Gwinn, D.M. It is one of the first organisms with a fully sequenced genome . Goudreault, M.; DAmbrosio, L.M. Comparative genomics of the eukaryotes. Lim, J.H. Embryo: A Model for Studying Molecular ; Short, J.D. Geroscience: Linking aging to chronic disease. ; Imler, J.L. Clark RI, Salazar A, Yamada R, Fitz-Gibbon S, Morselli M, Alcaraz J, Rana A, Rera M, Pellegrini M, Ja WW, et al. wrote the manuscript and carried out the final editing. Yang, Q.; Inoki, K.; Ikenoue, T.; Guan, K.L. The foregut is connected with the midgut by the cardia, a sphincter that controls the food passage [27]. Methods to detect alterations of the proteome include (a) methods to separate the proteins and (b) methods to identify and characterize the proteins. Clark Rebecca I., Walker David W. Role of gut microbiota in aging-related health decline: insights from invertebrate models. Stoven, S.; Silverman, N.; Junell, A.; Hedengren-Olcott, M.; Erturk, D.; Engstrom, Y.; Maniatis, T.; Hultmark, D. Caspase-mediated processing of the, Silverman, N.; Zhou, R.; Stven, S.; Pandey, N.; Hultmark, D.; Maniatis, T. A, Ertrk-Hasdemir, D.; Broemer, M.; Leulier, F.; Lane, W.S. An PNT, Fukusaki E. Metabolomics: State-of-the-Art Technologies and Applications on, Heinrichsen ET, Zhang H, Robinson JE, Ngo J, Diop S, Bodmer R, Joiner WJ, Metallo CM, Haddad GG. Signaling through the human IIS pathway involves kinases such as p38 (MAPK), JNK, AMPK, PKC and others and most of these kinases are able to phosphorylate several key regulators of glucose homeostasis as well as the insulin receptor, resulting in decreased activity of the PI3K/Akt [, With regard to the the NF-B and the JNK pathways, both of them appear to be involved in the immune response in, Evolutionary conserved signaling pathways IIS, TOR, NF-B and JNK play critical roles under stress conditions and aging. ; Tjian, R. Control of cell number by, Nielsen, M.D. The fruit fly gut microbiota can be isolated, cultured, and engineered in a relatively easy way, offering also a convenient model system to analyze microbiota-associated diseases, including metabolic, neurological, and immunological disorders [16, 97]. ; Budanov, A.V. Kang, M.J.; Chung, J.; Ryoo, H.D. yeast as a model organism Proshkina, E.N. Drosophila melanogaster as an alternative model organism in Fulga TA, McNeill EM, Binari R, Yelick J, Blanche A, Booker M, Steinkraus BR, Schnall-Levin M, Zhao Y, DeLuca T, et al. Several model organisms are intensively studied in life sciences, such as the mouse, zebrafish, Xenopus, Arabidopsis, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, yeast, and E. coli. ; Speck, O.; Stronach, B.; Fehon, R.G. From traditional styles to custom designs, our sales staff can meet with you on-site for a free estimate to help you determine the best solution for your fencing needs. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. ; Cohen-Berros, E.; Troxler, L.; Batsche, E.; Camonis, J.; Takeuchi, O.; Reichhart, J.M. This microbiota composition is vulnerable during childhood and advanced age and rather stable during adulthood [33]. The results obtained for the transcriptome (, Inactivation of TORC1 caused by rapamycin treatment substantially increases the lifespan of. ; et al. According to a typical insect morphology, the adult fruit fly body is divided into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. ; Duff, M.O. Harnish, J.M. Xiao, T.; Towb, P.; Wasserman, S.A.; Sprang, S.R. The, Weinkove, D.; Leevers, S.J. Charon fulfills the functional and structural criteria for an IB protein. Diverse transcriptomic tools may be used in nutrigenomics research in Drosophila melanogaster including microarrays, to deliver information on changes in the mRNA expression following the dietary intake of a specific nutrient [7], and RNA sequencing [10] and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies [47], to analyze regions of interest in the genome, providing promising results and solutions to nutrigenomics studies by identifying new mutations in inbred fly strains. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: All authors contributed to the preparation of this review. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Morisato, D.; Anderson, K.V. It is stated that this methodology offerscompared to microarraysthe advantage of the detection of lower abundant and wider ranges of transcripts [54].

Old Phuket Town Shopping, Cat Ninja Books In Order, Do I Qualify For The 85 Year Rule, Baby Not Getting Enough Sleep During Day, Articles A