baltoro glacier elevationruth putnam the crucible

S-Landsat; K), Landsat TM band 6 (i.e. Baltoro glacier in the Karakoram, Pakistan, is one of the world's largest valley glaciers. The same limitation in DT modeling by means of remote sensing was found by Reference MihalceaMihalcea and others (2008a). With an elevation of 8,611 meters, K2 is among the highest mountains in the world, second only to Mount Everest. (corresponding to 2%) and a root-mean-square error equal to 0.09 m w.e. Debris cover has been present on this glacier for at least the last century (historical data reported by Reference ConwayConway, 1894; Reference De FilippiDe Filippi, 1912). This in turn flows into the Indus River. Meteorological input data: the daily mean air temperature (T Although a near neighbour of Biafo, it has some very different characteristics. Finally, we performed several sensitivity tests for assessing the impact of the input data variations. Diolaiuti, Guglielmina A To evaluate the suitability for debris assessment of Landsat TM images instead of ASTER ones, firstly we processed the Landsat image of the debris-covered portion of Baltoro glacier acquired on 14 August 2004, 05:18 GMT (10:18 local time), only 28 min before the acquisition of the ASTER image analyzed by Reference MihalceaMihalcea and others (2008a), and then we compared the results. The results (Fig. DF- In the period under study, refreezing during the night can be considered negligible in the debris-covered areas, because hourly air temperatures at Urdukas were always positive. Itdrains an area of about 1500 km2and is >60 km long. The lowest point of a state that borders an ocean is almost always sea level. Bocchiola, Daniele Finally, we investigated the effect of changing the albedo values by 10%. The total ice melt from the CKNP was thus equal to 1.963 km3 w.e., with a daily average of 0.109 km3 w.e. The Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) between Indian and Pakistan held area runs through this range, where the high peaks and passes of the Siachen area are held by India, whereas Pakistan occupies the lower peaks and valleys to the west. "coreDisableEcommerceForArticlePurchase": false, In particular, (1) the lapse rate to distribute the air temperature (see Eqn (2)) should be locally evaluated; (2) the use of a constant albedo of 0.30 might be invalid for areas with debris-free ice affected by dust and black carbon deposition (see Reference Azzoni, Senese, Zerboni, Maugeri, Smiraglia and DiolaiutiAzzoni and others, 2014), thus requiring dedicated analyses; (3) the debris effective thermal resistance (DR) estimation requires debris-covered ice ablation and debris surface temperature data collected in the field. The total fresh water from the ablation areas of CKNP glaciers during the same period was therefore 1.963 km3 (on average, 0.109 km3 d1), corresponding, for example, to 14% of the water contained in a large strategic dam along the Indus River, of which all CKNP glaciers are tributaries. 50 State Elevations (mean elevation) The elevations listed below are relative to sea level. At 63 kilometers (39 miles) in length, the Baltoro Glacier is one of the longest non-polar glaciers in the world. NICHOLSON, LINDSEY Flattest Route "useRatesEcommerce": true Frontiers | Seasonal Evolution of Supraglacial Lakes on Baltoro Glacier Data show a high debris-free ice reflectivity, with a mean value of 0.30. In particular, this appears more evident in the presence of a thin debris thickness. The actual India-Pakistan boundary is divided into 4 types of borders: disputed Sir Creek (SC) riverine border, mutually agreed IndiaPakistan International Border (IB) from north of Sir Creek to north of Dhalan near Jammu, Line of Control (LoC) across disputed Kashmir and Ladakh regions from north of Dhalan in India and west of Chicken's Neck in Pakistan to Point NJ9842, and Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) across Siachen from Point NJ9842 to Indira Col West. The total drainage basin of Baltoro glacier is ~1500 km2. Fig. 2. 2017. They are located on the north and east sides of the Baltoro Glacier. Bocchiola, Daniele This water volume equals ~14% of the reservoir capacity of the Tarbela Dam, a very large dam on the Indus River that plays a key role for irrigation, flood control and the generation of hydroelectric power for Pakistan (Reference ThompsonThompson, 1974). View all Google Scholar citations You won't find another adventure quite like trekking in Pakistan as you find yourself at the base camp for the world's second-highest peak. In particular, we used band combination 543 (as red, green, blue) of Landsat TM scenes to draw 20 regions of interest (ROIs) and trained the classifier. Thus, the choice of albedo is a very critical issue in accurately estimating the ice melt. PDF Glaciological characteristics of the ablation zone of Baltoro glacier Daily mean temperatures recorded by the AWS installed at Urdukas during 2011 (x-axis) vs modeled daily mean temperatures (y-axis) obtained by applying a constant local lapse rate of 0.0075C m1 to Askole temperatures (open box). surface area, supraglacial debris occurrence and thickness) were estimated from remote-sensing analysis of recent satellite imagery (2010 11). Pelfini, Manuela The grain size shows a large variability on the glacier, from sub-millimeter dust to boulders of a few meters diameter (Reference Mayer, Lambrecht, Bel, Smiraglia and DiolaiutiMayer and others, 2006), and this is typical of the whole Karakoram debris-covered area (Reference MihalceaMihalcea and others, 2008a; Reference Zhang, Hirabayashi, Fujita, Liu and LiuZhang and others, 2013). To model the daily mean debris surface temperature at each pixel (T Ablation map of CKNP glaciers below the ELA in the period 23 July9 August 2011, and a zoom on Baltoro glacier (lower left box). Advances of individual glaciers have also been reported in the Shyok valley (eastern Karakoram) during the last decade (Reference Raina and SrivastavaRaina and Srivastva, 2008). The obtained DT values were cross-checked against a selection of field data, and a good fit was found (see Table 2). For the whole CKNP glacierized area, T Our method shows that Baltoro Glacier (Karakoram, Pakistan) gained slightly in elevation between 1987 and 2020, while Great Aletsch Glacier (Switzerland) recorded the most negative melt rates of about 1 m per year. Quatern Int 371:67-75. SHAREPAPRIKA is a project funded and managed by the Ev-K2-CNR Association (it is the twin project of the PAPRIKA France program). Selected peaks of the Baltoro Muztagh [ edit ] The following is a table of the peaks in the Baltoro Muztagh which are over 7,000 metres (22,970 ft) in elevation and have over 500 metres (1,640 ft) of topographic prominence . Elevation ( The height of a fixed position above sea level) Example: Denver, Colorado in the United States is 5,183 ft. above sea level. from lidar surveys), which were not available for glaciers in the CKNP area. a The elevation of Passu glacier rises from 1,200 m at the base to 7,500 m high peak above the mean sea level and contains steep slopes. 15,420 feet. The largest glacierized region outside the Arctic and the Antarctic is High Mountain Asia (HMA), which covers an area of 118 200 km2 (Reference GardnerGardner and others, 2013). Smiraglia, Claudio ); X and Y: projected coordinates (WGS84UTM zone 43N); DR: debris effective thermal resistance (m2 C W1); DT-res and M-res: debris-thickness and melt residuals (modeled minus observed values); err: melt residual (%). Baltoro glacier. Supraglacial debris thickness was derived from Landsat thermal data (60 m 60 m pixel size), limiting the spatial resolution of debris-covered ice melt calculations. The Askole, Urdukas and Concordia AWSs belong to a meteorological network in the CKNP area serving the SHARE program and were developed and are managed by Ev-K2-CNR. Proceedings. ABSTRACT. The park protects major natural resources for the country, including >700 glaciers, with a total area of 4632 km2, corresponding to ~30% of the overall glacier area of the Pakistani Karakoram (ICIMOD, 2013). A simple model to evaluate ice melt over the ablation A. WGS 1984 projected coordinate system with off-ice 250 m contours derived from the ASTER Global digital Elevation Model (GDEM) (2000, 30 m resolution) using the contour tool in ArcGIS. 1939). and Baltoro is one of the highest relief basins spanning 5,210 m from K2 (8,611 m) to the snout (Dyhrenfurth et al. ABRAHAMS, I. DAVID Daily meltwater production from 23 July to 9 August 2011 from all the CKNP glaciers over the debris-free (DF) and debris-covered (DC) areas and the total (DC + DF). Moreover, these error tests were made considering the worst cases (maximum RMSE). Mayer, Christoph a pixel was classified as supraglacial debris-covered when the probability of a pixel belonging to this class was >0.9). and and The reference modeled melt is given by M "coreDisableEcommerceForElementPurchase": false, The model results without input variation are shown in line 2 (, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Reference Han, Ding and LiuHan and others (2006) proposed a simple model to estimate ice ablation under a thick debris layer by using surface temperature and debris thermal properties on Koxkar glacier, Tien Shan, China. Table 5 shows the model responses at field survey points (C-DF1 to C-DF3). In any case, it is worth noting that other authors applying enhanced T-index approaches have also used constant albedo values (e.g. KarakorumHindukushWestern Himalaya: assessing high-altitude water resources, Glaciohydrological features of the Karakoram Himalaya: measurement possibilities and constraints, Distribution of debris thickness and its effect on ice melt at Hailuogou glacier, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, using in situ surveys and ASTER imagery, Spatial debris-cover effect on the maritime glaciers of Mount Gongga, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau. Fig. The map shows the border of the Central Karakoram National Park (CKNP) in northern Pakistan (red line), the automatic weather stations at Askole, Urdukas and Concordia (yellow dots), the glacier boundaries (blue lines), and the glacier areas covered by supraglacial debris (orange). Trek to Concordia. Study area. The largest glacier in Colorado is Arapaho Glacier (0.24 km 2), located in the central . Click on a map to view its topography, its elevation and its terrain. Some studies have used remote-sensing data to analyze the spatial distribution of surface temperatures and calculate the energy available for melting (Reference Nakawo, Moroboshi and UeharaNakawo and others, 1993; Reference Rana, Nakawo, Fukushima and AgetaRana and others, 1997; Reference Nakawo and RanaNakawo and Rana, 1999). Glasser, N. F. Vuillermoz, Elisa Finally, the daily ablation (M TCD - Cast shadows reveal changes in glacier thickness - Copernicus.org A further improvement of our approach will be the spatial distribution of debris-free ice albedo by applying methods based on remote-sensing investigations (see Reference Klok, Greuell and OerlemansKlok and others, 2003). S-point), we considered both daily incoming solar radiation (SWin-point) and debris thickness (DTpoint), because higher radiation and thicker debris lead to higher surface temperatures (Reference Mihalcea, Mayer, Diolaiuti, Lambrecht, Smiraglia and TartariMihalcea and others, 2006, Reference Mihalcea2008a,Reference Mihalceab; Reference MayerMayer and others, 2010). We applied the model to four points where actual ablation data were collected in the field (the calibration points in Table 2) and calculated melt anomalies (, Sensitivity tests performed by applying different input data to the debris-free ice melt model. Glaciers in the CKNP span a broad range of sizes, types (mountain glaciers, glacierets, hanging glaciers, compound-basin valley glaciers), and surface conditions (debris-free and debris-covered ice). For this purpose, we calculated the melt amount at selected debris-free (C-DF1, C-DF2, C-DF3) and debris-covered (C-DC1, C-DC2, C-DC3, C-DC4) ice field points varying the meteorological model inputs (T Askole was also considered in the debris-covered ice melt model in order to estimate the surface debris temperature (T Musitelli, Federica Fig. 7 to 8 hour trek. Considering both debris-free and debris-covered areas in the whole CKNP and the entire analyzed period, we estimated a total melt of 0.63 m w.e., corresponding to an average ablation of 0.035 m w.e. Moreover, we compared DT values obtained applying the equation reported in Reference MihalceaMihalcea and others (2008a) to 2004 ASTER data against the values derived from Eqn (5) on 2004 Landsat data on the Baltoro glacier area. Feature Flags: { The crest of the range forms part of the Pakistan-China border. Then we shifted the daily air temperature by 0.1, 1.0 and 2.5C with respect to the measured values. > Baltoro Glacier Name : Baltoro Glacier topographic map, elevation, terrain. Day 8. Azzoni, Roberto S Fig. Glacier features (i.e. Map showing the supraglacial debris thicknesses over CKNP area, and a zoom on Baltoro glacier (lower left box). Saltoro Mountains - Wikipedia Some studies indicate that the total annual rainfall is 200500 mm, as generally derived from valley-based stations, less representative for the highest zones (Reference ArcherArcher, 2003). During the recent Italian expedition 'K2 2004 - 50 years later' (June-July 2004) on Baltoro glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan, glaciological field experiments were carried out on the debris-covered area of this high-elevation glacier. 2019. The SML algorithm assumes that values in each spectral band from Landsat TM are normally distributed and calculates the probability that a given image pixel is debris-covered or debris-free based on the values of all spectral bands. K2 Concordia Trek | Trek to base camp of K2 - Trango Adventure Zong J (2015) Changes in the glacier extent and surface elevation in Xiongcaigangri region, Southern Karakoram Mountains, China. On debris-covered areas of the whole CKNP, the daily average ablation was 0.024 m w.e. d1. The ablation areas of many glaciers in the CKNP are heavily debris-covered, because of abundant rockfalls from steep walls, and intense avalanche activity (e.g. In the highest parts of Baltoro glacier, the debris occurs over medial moraines, then gradually spreads to a uniform cover across the entire surface, mantling most of the ablation zone. Baltoro Glacier - Wikipedia In addition, our analyses covered the period 23 July9 August 2011, corresponding to the season when the largest glacier melt occurs during the year. This approach has also been used by Reference Zhang, Fujita, Liu, Liu and NuimuraZhang and others (2011) who applied it on Hailuogou glacier, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, and more recently by Reference Fujita and SakaiFujita and Sakai (2014) on the Tsho Rolpa glacial lakeTrambau glacier basin in the Nepal Himalaya. Supraglacial debris of diverse lithology (Reference Desio, Marussi and CaputoDesio and others, 1961) occurs below 5000 m a.s.l., and covers ~38% of the glacier area. Baltoro Glacier topographic map, elevation, terrain The map shows the border of the Central Karakoram National Park (CKNP) in northern Pakistan (red line), the automatic weather stations at Askole, Urdukas and Concordia (yellow dots), the glacier boundaries (blue lines), and the glacier areas covered by supraglacial debris (orange). (, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). S and SWin) by their maximum RMSE (i.e. 2. It will therefore be our focus here for calibrating and validating the melt models. Baltoro Glacier - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia These findings indicate that (1) melt from the debris-covered parts of the glaciers (M 2017. A new variation to Camp 2 and a speed ascent on Nanga Parbat, American Alpine Club announces Cutting Edge Grant recipients, Polish duo endures severe cold on big wall for 11 days to complete Frozen Fight Club, Taking Time To Tell: The Future of Trip Reports, What's Past is Prologue: Tom Hornbein's Winding Road to Chomolungma. DC) was largely linked to incoming solar radiation (SWin). Daily meltwater production from 23 July to 9 August 2011 from all the CKNP glaciers over the debris-free (DF) and debris-covered (DC) areas and the total (DC + DF). It extends in the eastwest direction on the south side of the Karakoram Range, lying in the region 35353556 N, 7604 7646 E. The Baltoro glacier elevation ranges between 3370 m a.s.l. Fig. Dataset used to calibrate and validate melt models. Map showing the supraglacial debris thicknesses over CKNP area, and a zoom on Baltoro glacier (lower left box). We applied a simple model to evaluate the meltwater from debris-free and debris-covered ice ablation in the CKNP area, a wide glacierized zone of Pakistan. Tateishi, Ryutaro In the centre, major glaciers, like Baltoro Glacier (64 km) and Siachen Glacier (72 km), drain from a small mountain region consisting of some of the highest mountains in the world, with four peaks higher than 8000 m a.s.l. The Baltoro Muztagh is to the north and east of the glacier, while the Masherbrum Mountains lie to the south. Unfortunately, the ASTER images were not available for the whole CKNP area on the same date. Navarra, Federico The basin is 400 km 2 larger, but the area of the glacier slightly smaller, and barely 42 % of the whole.

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