how were the umayyad and abbasid dynasties similarruth putnam the crucible
Allegedly, The Sunnis killed Alis son Hussein and his family at the Battle of Karbala in 680, solidifying the Shia-Sunni split. The Contrast Between Empires There were many empires that have a distinct background, the empires such as the Mughal Empire, Ottoman Empire and Safavids Empire. It is preferable, therefore, to centre the discussion of Umayyad and Abbasid monuments on the functional and morphological characteristics that identify the new Muslim world and only secondarily be concerned with stylistic progression or regional differences. The Umayyad and Abbasid Empires | Boundless World History - Course Hero Syria remained the Umayyads main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 ce and reigned as the Abbasid caliphate until it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258. The Great Mosque in Damascus. The Shia Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid dynasty, who claimed descent from Muhammads daughter, declared himself Caliph in 909 CE and created a separate line of caliphs in North Africa. Umayyad vs Abbasid Dynasties - 872 Words | Studymode With Muhammads death in 632 CE, disagreement broke out among his followers over deciding his successor. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty, hailing from Mecca. The Art of the Abbasid Period (750-1258) | Essay | The Metropolitan Similarities Between The Abbasid And The Umayyad - bartleby For the first time, the caliphate was not coterminous with Islam. Al-Andalus became a glorious kingdom in the Muslim empire because they had powerful leaders, a stable government, and effective tactics for expansion. Khirbat al-Mafjar, located outside Jericho in the West Bank, has rich floor mosaics, including deer and a lion under a tree, as well as an extensive program of figurative sculpture. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 5.79 million square miles and included 62 million people (29% of the worlds population), making it the fifth largest empire in history in both area and proportion of the worlds population. The Fatimid Caliphate at its height, c. 969 CE: The Fatimid dynasty broke from the Abbasids in 909 CE and created separate lines of caliphs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Palestine until 1171 CE. Soon after, in 1258, the dynasty fell during a Mongol siege of Baghdad. These coins included images, such as the standing caliph type, and were accompanied by Arabic inscriptions (or, in the case of coins minted in Iran, Pahlavi, or Middle Persian, inscriptions). The Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties can be compared: culturally, through religious tolerations and cultural blending; politically, through bureaucracy and misuse of government powers; and economically, through trade and advancements of technology. Abd al-Malik built the Dome of the Rock on the Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem, which employed inscriptions, gold and blue mosaics, and innovative architecture to create one of the worlds most exceptional buildings. The Islamic Golden Age refers to a period in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century, during which much of the historically Islamic world was ruled by various caliphates and science, economic development, and cultural works flourished. During the 50 years that followed the beginning of the Muslim conquest, the mosque, until then a very general concept in Islamic thought, became a definite building reserved for a variety of needs required by the community of faithful in any one settlement. Spain_Andalusia_Cordoba_BW_2015-10-27_13-54-14.jpg. The Abbasid dynasty finally challenged Fatimid rule, limiting them to Egypt. The School of Nisibis and later the School of Edessa became centers of learning and transmission of classical wisdom. They have Experienced prosperity, peace, and little outside threats under Akbar's rule. Muawiya also instituted political and bureaucratic systems that allowed for the effective rule of the nascent Islamic empire and the expansion of the economy. Until 697 C.E., Islamic coinage deployed figural imagery, which was modeled on Byzantine and Sasanian coins. Muawiyah, a relative of Uthman and governor (Wali) of Syria, became one of Alis challengers, and after Alis assassination managed to overcome the other claimants to the caliphate. Despite the fact that Ottoman and Mungal Empire never forced conversions into Islam, the Ottoman Empire was heavily relying on the tough military training. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644656), but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE. Though lacking in political power, the dynasty continued to claim authority in religious matters until after the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Shia Muslims believe that just as God alone appoints a prophet, only God has the prerogative to appoint the successor to his prophet. The Abbasids were comfortable with their inherited empire, but the Umayyads were bold and advocated military expansion. There do remain, however, accurate textual descriptions of the large congregational buildings erected at Kfah and Basra in Iraq and at Al-Fus in Egypt. This group advanced to Egypt in 969 CE, establishing their capital near Fustat in Cairo, which they built as a bastion of Shia learning and politics. Islamic expansion in South and East Asia fostered cosmopolitan and eclectic Muslim cultures in the Indian subcontinent, Malaysia, Indonesia, and China. They learned from the previous years that the things that Imperial Rome did didnt work, but some things did, so they kept that the same. The 13th-century philosophical movement based on Averroes work is called Averroism. 8.10: Expansion Under the Umayyad Caliphates They let them keep their faith, culture and follow their own laws. Comparison of Government in Persia and China After the rise and fall of the earliest civilizations, some of the very first ancient empires started to emerge over many centuries before the birth of Christ. While the non-Muslim population had autonomy, their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own religious heads or their appointees. The piece's inscription does not name the caliph, but rather provides generic blessings: "In the name of Allah. The Abbasid dynasty descended from Muhammad s youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name. The Abbasid Empire. Religions like the Christians paid the tax so they did not have to convert, and the Muslims collected the money for their own use. The Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties can be compared: culturally, through religious tolerations and cultural blending; politically, through bureaucracy and misuse of government powers; and economically, through trade and advancements of technology. The Umayyads were the first dynasty to come to power and fell in 750 CE, and ruled for 89 years, and the Abbasids came into power after them. Islamic paper makers devised assembly-line methods of hand-copying manuscripts to turn out editions far larger than any available in Europe for centuries. Two of the most powerful and influential groups of the time were the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate. The period was characterized by an expansion of trade and culture, and saw the construction of masterpieces of al-Andalus architecture. The Great Mosque of Kairouan: The Great Mosque of Kairouan, founded in 670 CE by the Arab general and conqueror Uqba Ibn Nafi, is the oldest mosque in western Islamic lands and represents an architectural symbol of the spread of Islam in North Africa, situated in Kairouan, Tunisia. Mosques, such as the Great Mosque, were the focus of many caliphs attention. Abbasids - New World Encyclopedia Both empires ruled very differently in how they handled the economy politics and social fields. The Ottomans on the other hand may have had a massive empire, but they did not have many remarkable achievements that gave them a rich, full culture. Islamic calligraphy is applied on a wide range of decorative mediums other than paper, such as tiles, vessels, carpets, and inscriptions. A notable example is the Suaire de Saint-Josse, used to wrap the bones of St. Josse in the abbey of St. Josse-sur-Mer near Caen in northwestern France. Alloy Coin, Standing caliph type, reign of Abd al-Malik (pre-697 CE), minted in Homs (Syria) The Trustees of the British Museum, Alloy Coin, Standing caliph type, reign of Abd al-Malik (pre-697 CE), minted in Homs (Syria) . While in detailed studies it is possible to distinguish between Umayyad and Abbasid art or between the arts of various provinces, the key features of the first three centuries of Islamic art (roughly through the middle of the 10th century) are the interplay between local or imperial impulses and the creation of new forms and functions. The Abbasid dynasty embraced Islamic teachings with ultimate enthusiasm. The colonnades on all four sides were of varying depth. These changes not only reshaped the world, but continued to change and develop from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Screen Shot 2016-08-12 at 12.52.52 PM.png. Trading played an important role in the spread of Islam in several parts of the world, notably southeast Asia. At Kfah a larger square was marked out by a ditch, and a covered colonnade known as a ullah (a shady place) was put up on the qiblah side. The caliphs palace, Medina Azahara, was on the outskirts of the city, and had many rooms filled with riches from the East. It seized power in 750, when it finally defeated the Umayyads in battle, and flourished for two centuries, but . Muawiya lead the Sunni Muslims through a prosperous time, the Umayyad dynasty. Once the rebellions had been quelled, Abu Bakr began a war of conquest. For the polytheistic and pagan societies, apart from the religious and spiritual reasons each individual may have had, conversion to Islam represented the response of a tribal, pastoral population to the need for a larger framework for political and economic integration, a more stable state, and a more imaginative and encompassing moral vision to cope with the problems of a tumultuous society. In contrast, for sedentary and often already monotheistic societies, Islam was substituted for a Byzantine or Sassanian political identity and for a Christian, Jewish or Zoroastrian religious affiliation. Initially, conversion was neither required nor necessarily wished for: [The Arab conquerors] did not require the conversion as much as the subordination of non-Muslim peoples. The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 750 CE, and ruled over a large, flourishing empire for three centuries. With the rise of the Abbasids, the base for influence in the empire became international, emphasizing membership in the community of believers rather than Arab nationality. The caliph himself was under protection of the Buyid Emirs, who possessed all of Iraq and western Iran, and were quietly Shia in their sympathies. The expansion of the Arab Empire in the years following the Prophet Muhammad s death led to the creation of caliphates, who occupied a vast geographical area and sought converts to Islamic faith. Mosque Archway: Geometric patterns: an archway in the Sultans lodge in the Ottoman Green Mosque in Bursa, Turkey (1424), its girih strapwork forming 10-point stars and pentagons. Abbasid Dynasty - World History Encyclopedia However, once in power, the Abbasids embraced Sunni Islam and disavowed any support for Shia beliefs. Support by pious Muslims likewise led the Abbasids to acknowledge publicly the embryonic Islamic law and to profess to base their rule on the religion of Islam. The Mughal Empire is a Muslim state founded by Babur, which extended over India. Muawiyas son, Abd al-Malik, eventually emerged victorious. While the dimensions, external appearance, and proportions of any one of them were affected in each case by unique local circumstances, the internal balance between open and covered areas and the multiplicity of simple and flexible supports indicate the permanence of the early hypostyle tradition. They were no longer purely practical shelters but willful monuments. Islamic scholars translated their writings from Syriac, Greek, and Sanskrit into Arabic and then produced new medical knowledge based on those texts. Rooted in the Syrian traditions of his forefathers (and supported by Syrian immigrants), he established an alternative caliphate to the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). They ruled until 1258 CE. The Origins of the Sunni-Shia split of Islam, by Jack Ullyatt A flexible architectural unit, a hypostyle structure could be square or rectangular and could be increased or diminished in size by the addition or subtraction of columns. Muawiyas death in 680 resulted another wave of civil and religious wars, during which the Umayyads lost control of Mecca and Medina. Under the Abbasid caliphate (750-1258), which succeeded the Umayyads (661-750) in 750, the focal point of Islamic political and cultural life shifted eastward from Syria to Iraq, where, in 762, Baghdad, the circular City of Peace (madinat al-salam), was founded as the new capital.The Abbasids later also established another city north of Baghdad, called Samarra (an abbreviation of the . The Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties: classical Islamic music. Manuscript illumination became an important and greatly respected art, and portrait miniature painting flourished in Persia. Sunni Muslims were firm believers of this concept, while Shia muslims believed that Ali shouldve, Both the Caliphates and the Aztec Empire show a similarity in how each used their cultures to achieve cohesion among their respective empires. Both the Abbasids and the Byzantines were places where important cultural hubs existed and where trade flourished throughout the whole empire. Sets with similar terms. Under the Umayyad caliphate (661-750) the classical style of Islamic music developed further. Although little of his original foundation survives, the later modifications and decoration, particularly the use of mosaics on the domes of mihrab and maqsura, were a clear evocation of the glorious Syrian past. Within the first century of the establishment of Islam upon the Arabian Peninsula and the subsequent rapid expansion of the Arab Empire during the Muslim conquests, one of the most significant empires in world history was formed. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution . Many forms of art flourished during the Islamic Golden Age, including ceramics, metalwork, textiles, illuminated manuscripts, woodwork, and calligraphy. The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Built using the tax revenue of Syria for seven years, the Great Mosque proclaimed the achievements of Islam in architectural and artistic form. The traditional instrument of the Arabic calligrapher is the qalam, a pen made of dried reed or bamboo. By 940 CE, however, the power of the caliphate under the Abbasids began waning as non-Arabs gained influence and the various subordinate sultans and emirs became increasingly independent. For a while it was an example of religious harmony between Muslim and Hindu religions. Several factions left the empire to exercise independent authority. It focuses on the cultures of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, which were the first two major caliphates. Umayyad dynasty | Achievements, Capital, & Facts | Britannica Similarities between Umayyad and . Differences Women enjoyed more freedoms in the Umayyad Empire compared to the Abbasid Empire. The Rashidun Caliphate (632661) was led by Abu Bakr, then by Umar ibn Khattab as the second caliph, Uthman Ibn Affan as the third caliph, and Ali as the fourth caliph. In just a few short decades, his campaigns led to one of the largest empires in history. Umayyad vs Abbasid Dynasties Essay Example | StudyHippo.com Matters are somewhat more complex when discussing the older urban centres taken over by Muslims. Since coins circulated widely, the coins helped articulate the new faith and political authority to both Muslims and the peoples that they had conquered. By the 860s governors in Egypt set up their own Tulunid Emirate, so named for its founder Ahmad ibn Tulun, starting a dynastic rule separate from the caliph. Abroms10. Muhammad united the tribes of Arabia into a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the last years of his life. The main comparisons between these two empires is that they relied upon trade and were ruled by the head of the church. The Fatimid dynasty broke from the Abbasids in 909 and created separate line of caliphs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Palestine until 1171 CE. Abbasid (Arabic: al-Abbsidn) was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs. Despite the fact that both Persia and China were great empires in two different regions, their governing methods coincide in the systems of organization and basic infrastructures; but they differed greatly in the beliefs of both the government and people. Both of the empires had diverse military strategies that they use to ensure that they ruled throughout Asia, with the Ottoman Empire extending into the European region. History of Arabia - Umayyad Governors, Sunni & Shi'ah Sects, and Muhammad ibn Ali, a great-grandson of Abbas, began to campaign for the return of power to the family of Muhammad, the Hashimites, in Persia during the reign of Umar II, an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 717720 CE. Material culture, therefore, continued as before, and archaeologically it is almost impossible to distinguish between pre-Islamic and early Islamic artifacts. Abbasid control eventually disintegrated, and the edges of the empire declared local autonomy. The classical empire, Imperial Rome, and the post classical empire, the Abbasid Dynasty, are similar in ways and different in other ways. While this helped integrate Arab and Persian cultures, it alienated the Arabs who had supported the Abbasids in their battles against the Umayyads. The Ottoman Empire grew from a small empire in 1300 to encompass most of southeastern Europe by the late 15th century. Many of those occur in all mosques; others are known in only some of them. Medicine was a central part of medieval Islamic culture. Although only a few coins were minted in the name of the caliph during this time, true Abbasid coins could only have been minted in Baghdad, which was the sole city where the caliphs enjoyed any authority. What Religion Were The Umayyads? - FAQS Clear They were rather the community centres of the faithful, in which all social, political, educational, and individual affairs were transacted. . Beginning in 692, the Islamic caliphate reformed the coinage of the Near East by replacing visual depiction with words. The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, Iberian Peninsula. There are repeating elements in Islamic art, such as the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as the arabesque. Updates? Muhammads prominent companion Umar ibn al-Khattab nominated Abu Bakr, Muhammads friend and collaborator. The Umayyad dynasty was not universally supported within the Muslim community for a variety of reasons, including their hereditary election and suggestions of impious behavior.
