porus vs alexander the great who wonaudit assistant manager duties and responsibilities

Porus had heard of Alexander. In the capture , of the Indians were killed, and above , were captured, besides chariots and cavalry. But the fact is that Alexander never went forward and turned back after the battle. One was called Boukephala after the name of his horse which died in India. [15] Soon Porus' army was surrounded on all sides, and became easy fodder for Alexander's forces with the cavalry exterminated and most of the elephants captured. The cavalryman was armed with lances and swords. He is only mentioned in Greek sources. Ruby Design Company. Alexander reacted by saying anyone who disobeyed him would be accused of desertion and went to his tent to sulk. Explanation: The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC by Alexander the Great against King Porus, on the banks of the river Hydaspes. I hope you enjoyed reading and had a raging experience of the Battle of Hydaspes. 326-321 BC) was an ancient Indian king, whose territory spanned the region between the Jhelum River (Hydaspes. Battle Of Hydaspes (326BC) | Alexander the Great Vs King Porus Beginning in 334 BCE, Alexanders conquests included Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Gaza, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia and Bactria. #BattleofHydaspes #AlexanderTheGreat #Porus. He also resolved to bring military engines up to the wall, to batter it down. It was a densely wooded area that gave a perfect cover to the forces of Alexander. Most of the vessels, the thirty-oared galleys included with the rest, had been cut in pieces by his order and conveyed to this place, where they had been fixed together again and hidden in the wood. So Alexander withdrew westwards, but faced resistance from local tribes and was severely wounded in one such skirmish, but he survived that battle and his wounds healed. And to reach the end of the world, he had to conquer territories in the East and reach the Ganges River and thereafter follow its course till it flowed into the Ocean in the East. He formed a big new empire over all of northern India and into Afghanistan. Conquest, to Alexander, was a fulfilment of what he believed to be his destiny. Alexander would have had to confront the mighty kingdom of Magadh, ruled by the Nandas, whose army was many times the size of the forces of Alexander. The best to visit is probably the one at Jandial, 1.5 km north of Sirkap. He had prepared rafts to transport the troops and horses across the river. The last great battle of Alexander's campaign took place at Jhelum (Hydaspes) on the Jhelum (Hydaspes) River not far from the Indus River (110 kilometers southeast of present-day Islamabad, Pakistan) against King Porus, a massive leader who it is said to have stood nearly seven feet tall and presided over a kingdom that covered much of the Punjab in present-day India and Pakistan. [15] A band of horsemen on chariots led by Porus' son did detect the intrusion and mount a charge but was repelled by Alexander's superior cavalry. Surprising isnt it! It took place on the banks of the Hydaspes River in Punjab, as part of Alexander's Indian campaign. One of the first attempts of Porus to stop Alexander and his army was to send his son along with 120 chariots and 3000 cavalries. Puru Defeated Alexander in the Battle of Hydaspes - myIndiamyGlory Alexander even subdued an independent province and granted it to Porus as a gift. According to history, Alexander was fascinated by the beauty of India and even wanted to capture the region around River Ganga. But the steps he took clearly indicate that he intended to annex the Indian provinces permanently to his empire. In BC 327 Alexander came to India, and tried to cross the Jhelum river for the invasion, but was then confronted by King Purushottama (King Porus, according to the English rendition.) The great Persian empire lay to the Easta huge expense of area enclosed by the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea, the Southern shores of the Black Sea and the Northern shores of the Arabian Sea,thereafter, stretching Eastwards upto the Indus River. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. Battle Of Hydaspes (326BC) | Alexander the Great Vs King Porus - YouTube. In The Conquests of Alexander the Great (Canto Classics, pp. Would love your thoughts, please comment. Curtius wrote, Porus himself rode an elephant which towered above the other beasts. Arid in doing so, Alexander was not only acting in consonance with the dictates of diplomacy and statecraft, but, strangely enough, he was also following the traditional policy of Hindu conquerors, advocated by Manu 1 and Kautilya, viz., the policy of placing either the vanquished monarch or some scion of his family upon the throne instead of resorting to direct annexation. Thus the beasts fled from the field of battle like a flock of sheep and they spread havoc among their own ranks and threw their drivers to the ground, who were then trampled to death. Whatever may have been the causes of this disaster, Poros, a magnificent giant of over six feet in height, did not shrink from the stress of battle, or abandon the field like Darius III Kodomannos of Persia, but true to the injunction of Manu (VII, 88) he stuck to his post in spite of the nine wounds he had received, and continued hurling darts at the enemy with dogged tenacity, perhaps thinking within himself : The troops of Porus would get ready for battle, but Alexander never crossed and his troops would return to their camp. Alexander's army crossed the heavily defended river in dramatic fashion during a violent thunderstorm to meet Porus' forces. Nor will I myself withdraw from the action., Arrian wrote: Such were the orders he gave; and Ptolemy collected there as many waggons as he could from those which had been left behind in the first flight, and placed them athwart, so that there might seem to the fugitives in the night to be many difficulties in their way; and as the stockade had been knocked down, or had not been firmly fixed in the ground, he ordered his men to heap up a mound of earth in various places between the lake and the wall. It was one of the battles of India that Alexander fought in which he faced defeat very closely. The chariots also were captured, horses and all, being heavy and slow in the retreat, and useless in the action itself on account of the clayey ground. Text Sources: Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Greece sourcebooks.fordham.edu ; Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Hellenistic World sourcebooks.fordham.edu ; BBC Ancient Greeks bbc.co.uk/history/ ; Canadian Museum of History historymuseum.ca ; Perseus Project - Tufts University; perseus.tufts.edu ; MIT, Online Library of Liberty, oll.libertyfund.org ; Gutenberg.org gutenberg.org Metropolitan Museum of Art, National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Live Science, Discover magazine, Times of London, Natural History magazine, Archaeology magazine, The New Yorker, Encyclopdia Britannica, "The Discoverers" [] and "The Creators" []" by Daniel Boorstin. Dec 4, 2021 By Robert C. L. Holmes, MA Ancient & Medieval History, BA Archaeology With the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire all but complete, Alexander the Great continued to march his armies eastwards into the Indian subcontinent. In retrospect this may have been a hasty decision as a major Indian army had already been defeated and all of India was within their grasp. The other, Nikaia, meant to commemorate his victory, arose on the site of the battle with Poros. When Alexander heard that Meros was bringing Porus to him, he rode in front of the line with a few of the Companions to meet Porus; and stopping his horse, he admired his handsome figure and his stature, which reached somewhat above five cubits. For Alexander, the Persian empire symbolised the ultimate conquest, for that was considered to be the end of the world, leaving no further worlds to conquer. Taking advantage of this, Alexander surrounded all the combat forces. The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought between Alexander the Great and Porus in May of 326 BC. This attempt proved to be a disaster as Alexander killed Porus son and destroyed all his forces. Other writers say that a battle took place between the Indians who came with the son of Porus and Alexander at the head of his cavalry, that the son of Porus came with a greater force, that Alexander himself was wounded by him, and that his horse Bucephalas, of which he was exceedingly fond, was killed, being wounded, like his master by the son of Porus. Sirkap was a fortified city founded during the mid-2nd century BC. After burying the dead according to his custom, Alexander sent Eumenes, the secretary, with cavalry to the two cities which had joined Sangala in revolt, to tell those who held them about the capture of Sangala, and to inform them that they would receive no harsh treatment from Alexander if they stayed there and received him as a friend; for no harm had happened to any of the other independent Indians who had surrendered to him of their own accord. The result of the battle is certainly disputed. Upon this, all who could do so turned to flight through the spaces which intervened between the parts of Alexanders cavalry. At the same time Craterus and the other officers of Alexanders army who had been left behind on the bank of the Hydaspes crossed the river, when they perceived that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory. Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush Mountain range sometime towards the end of 327 BCE and probably crossed the Khyber Pass to begin his operations against India. The great horse took part with him during all the battles he had fought since his youth. He had a fair skin and spoke a foreign language. Sangala Sagala or Sakala was the last conquest of Alexanders army in their drive eastward. [Ibid]. Our magazine and website are based on the analysis and deep insights from our readers- mostly serving and retired officers from the Armed Forces- on the current issues in the defence sector and on military history matters. The battle that ensued was fierce and bitter, with heavy losses on both sides. These indeed were too many to be sent out as a reconnoitring party, and not adapted for speedy retreat; but they were by no means a sufficient force to keep back those of the enemy who had not yet got across, as well as to attack those who had already landed. When he had also crossed this piece of water, he selected the choice guard of cavalry, and the best men from the other cavalry regiments, and brought them up from column into line on the right wing. The latter also knew that as he was hailing from distant Greece it was impossible for him in the very nature of things to compel all the conquered lands to continue rendering him obedience without enlisting local loyalty, assistance and co-operation. In the spring of 326 B.C., Alexander's army engaged King Porus' force of 35,000 infantrymen, 10,000 cavalry and 200 battle-trained elephants. From all sides also during many nights clamours were raised and fires were burnt. [15] According to Heckle (2014), Porus is believed to have had around 30,000 infantry. The battle against Porus was the biggest event of Alexander's campaign in Pakistan and India. Alexander himself surrounded the whole line with his cavalry, and gave the signal that the infantry should link their shields together so as to form a very densely closed body, and thus advance in phalanx. ), from his capital at Pataliputra (now Patna), the Mauryans subdued most of northern India and what is now Bangladesh. [Source: Arrian the Nicomedian (A.D. 92-175), Anabasis of Alexander, translated, by E. J. Chinnock, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1884, gutenberg.org]. Indeed, they would have followed him to the very gates of hell, had he demanded that of his men. The great invader had finally been stopped in his tracks. [Source: Arrian the Nicomedian (A.D. 92-175), Anabasis of Alexander, translated, by E. J. Chinnock, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1884, gutenberg.org]. The elephants were trained in battle and moved forward to the accompaniment of drums and conch shells. These structures display a wide range of designs and probably were donated by pilgrims, possibly representing various schools of Buddhism. Arrian wrote: Meantime he received information that the tribe called Cathaeans and some other tribes of the independent Indians were preparing for battle, if he approached their land; and that they were summoning to the enterprise all the tribes conterminous with them who were in like manner independent. Alexander paused his attack because his men were exhausted and left breathless after crossing the river from the east bank, says Arrian. Young Alexander would have realized that to march forward across India, and he had to defeat Porus. These men, being fresh, followed up the pursuit instead of Alexanders exhausted troops, and made no less a slaughter of the Indians in their retreat. As per Greek historian Arrian, Porus was approached by the Persian ruler Darius III for help to defend the Persian empire against the Battle with Alexander the Great. Complete answer: Alexander the Great defeated Porus in the year 326 BC. And he was a leader par excellence, for his men were wiling to follow him anywhere. He decided to fight Alexander on the Jhelum. Alexanders invading force had 34,000 infantry and 7000 cavalry. Who Won the Battle Between Porus and Alexander The Great? Many people will think it sacrilegious to even think the Alexander the Great was stopped by the Indian Hindu king Porus. That would have looked like a retreat. The beasts being now cooped up into a narrow space, their friends were no less injured by them than their foes, being trampled down in their wheeling and pushing about. As soon as Alexander observed that the Indians were drawn up in order of battle, he stopped his cavalry from advancing farther, so that he might take up the infantry as it kept on arriving; and even when the phalanx in quick march had effected a junction with the cavalry, he did not at once draw it out and lead it to the attack, not wishing to hand over his men exhausted with fatigue and out of breath, to the barbarians who were fresh and untired. All the inhabitants came over to him on terms of capitulation; and he thus took thirty-seven cities, the inhabitants of which, where they were fewest, amounted to no less than ,, and those of many numbered above ,. Thanks a lot. Battle of hydaspes (326 BCE) was a battle between Alexander the Great and king porus of Paurava which was on the banks of river Jhelum (Greeks know this . Porus ruled over the region between the Jhelum River (Hydaspes) and the Acesines river of Punjab. His arms were effectively checked on the frontiers by Chandragupta Maurya, who is said to have wrested from his adversary four important satrapies corresponding to modem Baluchistan and southern Afghanistan. Alexander did not want his cavalry to advance without any protection when the Battle took place. #1407, 3083 East Kent Ave N,Vancouver, V5S 4R2. Like the other local rulers he had defeated, Alexander allowed Porus to continue to govern his territory. According to the ancient Greek historian Arrian, Alexander himself led from the forefront during the great Battle with Persia. They no longer made a stand at the third row, but fled as fast as possible into the city and shut themselves up in it. When these massive monuments were completed, Alexander offered sacrifices, accompanied with appropriate ceremonies, for a safe return home. Thus he treated the brave man in a kingly way, and from that time found him faithful in all things. It is believed that one of the oldest English stories is Beowulf.. But, as if frantic with pain, rushing forward at friends and foes alike, they pushed about, trampled down and killed them in every kind of way. He then moved on to Persia and in 323 BCE arrived in Babylon. The contact of diverse civilisations gave an impetus to trade and commerce, and there began a constant flow of ideas, which produced far-reaching results in different directions. Opposite the part unenclosed by his camp, near which also was a lake, he posted the cavalry, placing them all round the lake, which he discovered to be shallow. King Porus aka is widely known as one of the bravest kings of India. When the bugle sounded and Ptolemy attacked them, killing the men as they kept on stealing out through the waggons, then indeed they were driven back again into the city; and in their retreat of them were killed. Alexander ascended the throne of Macedon when his father King Philip was assassinated in 336 BCE. The kings parted on good terms with Seleukos maintaining an ambassador named Megasthanes at the Mauryan court in Pataliputra. All indications given by Alexanders army showed that he would wait for the monsoon to end, including arranging huge grain shipments from the ally King Taxila of India. But when Alexanders men, who far excelled both in strength and military discipline, got the mastery over them the second time, they were again repulsed towards the elephants and cooped up among them. [Source: Arrian the Nicomedian (A.D. 92-175), Anabasis of Alexander, translated, by E. J. Chinnock, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1884, gutenberg.org], Craterus had been left behind at the camp with his own division of cavalry, and the horsemen from the Arachotians and Parapamisadians, as well as the brigades of Alcetas and Polysperchon from the phalanx of the Macedonian infantry, together with the chiefs of the Indians dwelling this side of the Hyphasis, who had with them , men. Further, the Greek language on coins is supposed to indicate that it was understood in the Indo-Greek.dominions, but this view is not borne out by the evidence available. In this video, we delve into the life of Alexander the Great, one of history's most renowned military leaders. It is difficult to say how far these Indo-Greeks affected the development of Indian art and architecture. Other sites of interest include the city of Sirsukh which is believed to belong to the Kushan period. [15][e] Later, decadrachms were minted by the Babylonian mint depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a sarissa and attacking a pair of Indians atop an elephant. The Sanskrit term for archery, dhanurveda, came to refer to martial arts in general. This gave Alexander and his Companion cavalry the over-confidence to take over Porus and his army without fighting a battle. At any rate the Hydaspes becomes fordable.. King Porus of Paurava was a ruler of Inda during the 4th century BCE. Battle of Hydaspes - World History Encyclopedia And as a counterpoise to the rule of these Indian princes, Alexander stationed adequate Greek garrisons in cities founded by himself on Indian soil. On this occasion he sent his brother with the other envoys to Alexander, taking with them money and forty elephants as a gift. He had come to the conclusion that if Porus should engage him with all his forces, he would easily be able to overcome him by attacking with his cavalry, or to stand on the defensive until his infantry arrived in the course of the action; but if the Indians should be alarmed at his extraordinary audacity in making the passage of the river and take to flight, he would be able to keep close to them in their flight, so that the slaughter of them in the retreat being greater, there would be only a slight work left for him. And lastly, the elephants, on whom % Poros had placed so much reliance, got frightened when the Macedonians began to hack their feet and trunks with axes and choppers. At the tactical level, this may be true, but the larger outcome of the battle gives a different perspective. But if he leads all his elephants with him against me, and a part of the rest of his army is left behind in the camp, then do thou cross the river with all speed. One remarkable silver decadrachm is supposed by Barclay Head to represent Alexander on the reverse and on the obverse Poros mounted on a retreating elephant, which is being pursued by a horseman. At places he faced stiff resistance, but soon, all the tribal chieftains were subdued, giving him control over the former Achaemenid satrapy of Gandhara. But all those who were left behind in the retreat from weakness, were seized by the army and killed, to the number of about . When Alexander reached the Jhelum River he may have hoped that Poros would submit him as other leaders had but instead found a large army eager for a fight. Of these, he divided the cavalry into two parts and led them to the wings, and with the infantry which came up he made the ranks of the phalanx more dense and compact. Greek chroniclers described widow burning and the selling of daughters by their parents at local market places and oxen that were so string Alexander order 200,000 of them to be sent back to Greece. Porus had thus won a great strategic victory, having finally stopped the mighty Alexander. When Alexander had brought it about that the mind of Porus no longer entertained any fear of his nocturnal attempts, he devised the following stratagem.. Credited to have been a legendary warrior with exceptional skills, Porus unsuccessfully fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC). The Alexandrian Empire absorbed huge areas of land in Punjab. After the army crossed the river, they were regrouped into the assigned formation and prepared to meet King Porus. Alexander left behind agents in order to control the territories that he had overrun and to maintain the alliance with Poros who quickly abused their authority. The city of Sirkap, chronologically the second major city of Taxila, is to be found spreading down the Hathial Spur and on to the plains of the Taxila valley. Why didn't Alexander invade India? - History Stack Exchange These reports excited in Alexander an ardent desire to advance farther; but the spirit of the Macedonians now began to flag, when they saw the king raising one labour after another, and incurring one danger after another. Porus appears in the video game Ancient Battle: Alexander, in which he is a playable character, as well as an enemy. As per Greek ethos, Aristotle had taught Alexander never to force Greek culture on any colonized people. Likewise, the ruler of Abhisara had his authority extended over Kashmir with Arsakes of Urasa (Hazara district) as his vassal. Those men who were not crushed were at least knocked aside or forced back. [15] Still, Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed. It was also stated that the men of that district possessed a much greater number of elephants than the other Indians, and that those men were of very great stature, and excelled in valour. Such was the result of Alexanders battle with Porus and the Indians living beyond the river Hydaspes, which was fought in the archonship of Hegemon at Athens, in the month Munychion ( April to May, B.C.). Janson Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.), Comptons Encyclopedia and various books and other publications. A treaty was made between the two rulers in which Seleukos ceded authority over the eastern satrapies of Aria, Arachosia, Gedrosia and the Paropanisadai and Chandragupta gave Seleukos a gift of 500 war elephants. Accept Read More. Alexander took stock of the battle as a lesson learnt. War is a combination of battles that involves an intense conflict between the army of governments or militaries with a highly aggressive and violent characteristic that can stretch for many months or years. An Indian revolt, following closely upon Alexander the Greats premature death in 323 B.C., soon obliterated all traces of Greek conquest. The Battle of Hydaspes was a decisive battle fought between the armies of Alexander the Great and the King Porus (also known as Poru, Paurava) in 326 BC. War elephants sometimes wore heavy armor. During his reign of 13 years, Alexander invaded the Greek and Middle Eastern region just like a meteor firing into space, transforming the face of the ancient world. [15], This led to an all-out attack from both sides, but Porus' plans proved futile. For it is the elephants alone, said he, which render it impossible for the horses to land on the other bank. Battle of hydaspes (326 BCE) was a battle between Alexander the Great and king porus of Paurava which was on the banks of river Jhelum (Greeks know this river as Hydaspes) in the Punjab region of Indian subcontinent. One tragic note about this battle is that Alexander's horse, Bucephalus died. Arrian inconsistently mentions the exact number of combat forces, and it is believed that Porus had 20-50,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalries, more than 200 war elephants, and 300 and more chariots. Porus expected Alexander to abandon his quest or wait for the monsoon to end before crossing the river. Alexander formed a lockshield with his infantry army by moving up as a solid mass. [17] Not only were Porus' cavalry charges repelled but the mahouts were assassinated using sarissa and the elephants were pushed back into Porus' columns, wreaking havoc on the rear, Alexander's cavalry kept charging and inflicting disorder. India After Alexander the Great, Although Indian accounts to a large extent ignored Alexander the Great's Indus campaign in 326 B.C., Greek writers recorded their impressions of the general conditions prevailing in South Asia during this period. The battle against Porus was the biggest event of Alexander's campaign in Pakistan and India. Porus: Lesser-known facts about the king who fought against Alexander But when at last the ford was found, he led his men through it with much difficulty; for where the water was deepest, it reached higher than the breasts of the infantry; and of the horses only the heads rose above the river. Alexander the Great incursion opened up new trade routes between Europe and the East. CONQUEST OF THE PUNJAB. This Battle carved the limit of Alexanders growing conquest of the world, and he died before he could expedite another campaign. Porus had tactically placed his cavalry from the right to circle back while waiting for help from his ally, the King of Kashmir. Porus, (flourished 4th century bce), Indian prince who ruled the region between the Hydaspes (Jhelum) and Acesines (Chenab) rivers at the time of Alexander the Great's invasion (327-326 bce) of the Punjab. Nor did there seem to him any end of the war, so long as anything hostile to him remained., Alexander's next goal was to reach the Ganges River, which was actually 400 kilometers away, a considerable distance, because he thought that it flowed into the outer Ocean. He himself advanced towards the river Acesines. In reality, he was searching for a suitable missing spot to help his army cross the Jhelum River !! [15], When Alexander crossed the Indus in their eastward migration, probably in Udabhandapura, he was greeted by the then-ruler of Taxila, Omphis, son of Ambhiraj. After all, he not only fought with the Macedonian king Alexander the Great with a lot of courage and valor but also could win an enemy's respect without having to bend his own. Bessus, who was a prominent Persian satrap of Bactria, and who had proclaimed himself King after the defeat of the Persian army under Darius III, was killed in 329 BCE, thus removing the last vestiges of Persian rule, leaving Alexander free to turn his gaze towards India. [Source: Plutarch (A.D. 45-127), Life of Alexander, A.D. 75 translated by John Dryden, 1906, MIT, Online Library of Liberty, oll.libertyfund.org ], It is said that with a view to marking the extreme point of his advance eastward Alexander gave directions for the construction of twelve colossal stone altars, dedicated to the chief Greek gods. Arya Chanakya and defeat of Alexander | Encyclopedia of History This was a plus point against the Persians who did not have much military tradition. According to Aristobulus the name of this nation was Glauganicians; but Ptolemy calls them Glausians. [Source: Library of Congress], After Alexander went back to Babylon in 324 B.C., a man named Chandragupta was able to overthrow the old Aryan kingdom of Nanda under the powerful Nanda king Magdha in 323 - 322 B.C.

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