why is pliosaurus called predator xaudit assistant manager duties and responsibilities

[21] It was named on the basis of a series of unassociated cervical vertebrae as the holotype. But, sometimes, hype precedes science. The Pliosaurus funkei fossils were just two of nearly 40 specimens discovered at the Svalbard site. Facts, Not Myths, About the Loch Ness Monster, Prosauropod Dinosaur Pictures and Profiles, The 19 Smallest Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals, 10 Facts About Elasmosaurus, Ancient Marine Reptile, Titanosaur Dinosaur Pictures and Profiles, The 20 Biggest Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Reptiles. Pliosaurus | Dinopedia | Fandom Here's what you should know. [1], Pliosaurus portentificus is known from the late Kimmeridgian of England. Now, after years of painstaking analysis of the jaw, vertebrae and forelimbs, the researchers have determined that Predator X is in fact a new species, and they have officially named it for Bjorn and May-Liss Funke, volunteers who first discovered the fossils. For example, after the recent discovery of an impressively huge pliosaur skeleton in Norway (popularized in the media as "Predator X"), paleontologists tentatively categorized the find as a 50-ton specimen of Pliosaurus, even though further study may determine it to be a species of the giant and much better-known Liopleurodon. Interested in an electric car? Paleontology often relies on superlatives to entice the public. [9] As have been noted by several authors, Plesiosaurus (Pleiosaurus) is the original spelling of Pliosaurus, and therefore according to Article 32 of the ICZN, Pleiosaurus is the correct spelling of the generic name as well. This stratigraphic horizon belongs to the Dorsoplanites ilovaiskyi to Dorsoplanites maximus ammonite zones (probably to the latter), of the middle Volgian stage which correlates with the middle Tithonian stage. The skull was dug up in 2008 and told a lot about this animal. The larger specimen, PMO 214.136, includes bones from the back of the skull, vertebrae and some unidentified bones. (2013), the flat morphology of the proximal surface of the radius or tibia also suggests that it is a juvenile. Due to the Arctic climate of Svalbard, the specimens were subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles before collection, extensively fracturing and degrading the material. [1] These specimens were all collected at Chawley brick pit, of the upper part of the Lower Kimmeridge Clay, dating to the late Kimmeridgian, and were originally assigned to P. How to watch Shark Fest 2023: National Geographic's month of shark-centric programming is back, 'I knew it was circling me': Man attacked by shark was waiting to die, then dolphins saved his life, Great white sharks are moving north. Pliosaurus (Predator X) Predator X appeared in the 2010 movie called Xtinction: Predator X. Tylosaurus Ancient "Predator X" Identity Was a Long-Held Mystery For a modern example the world's largest predator is the sperm whale which averages 52 ft at 90,000 lbs. Along the way, he reveals that his motivation for helping Charles is that Pappy had slept with his mother, and that he is actually Laura's half-brother. Xtinction: Predator X (also known as Alligator X) is an American horror/science fiction film released in 2010 and directed by Amir Valinia. [18] PIN 2440/1 was originally described as Pliosaurus cf. undergoing reconstruction and study. This marine reptile is The specific name is derived from , makros, meaning "long" in Ancient Greek and mros, meaning "thigh" in Latin, from Greek, in reference to the large size of OUMNH J.12498 (a thigh bone). After being rejected by Pappy, he decided to help Charles. The holotype, PIN 426 housed at Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, consists of partial cranium and postcranium of a medium-sized individual. Her work has appeared in Scientific American, Wired.com and other outlets. The record sperm whale was 67 ft at 125,000 lbs so pretty close to Megalodon. NHMUK PV OR 39362 has been traditionally assigned to P. macromerus, and even though it has previously been assigned to P. grandis, Lydekker (1889a) showed that there is no evidence that the syntypes of P. grandis even belong to Pliosaurus, and there is no overlapping material between them and NHMUK PV OR 39362. Both individuals were collected by a Norwegian team led by Dr. Jrn Hurum within 2 kilometres (1.2mi) of one another, approximately 30 metres (98ft) below the Myklegardfjellet Bed from the black shales of the Slottsmya Member, which is the uppermost out of four named members in the Agardhfjellet Formation. animals with easily enough force to kill them. Charles soon arrives, and takes Mandy hostage before throwing her into the water as the pliosaurus arrives. [5], The holotype of P. funkei is represented by the anterior portions of the upper and lower jaws (including premaxillary and dentary teeth), one nearly complete cervical centrum and two partial cervical centra, three pectoral centra with neural arches, fifteen dorsal centra and eight neural arches, a complete right coracoid, numerous rib fragments and gastralia, and a complete right forelimb. [2][1], In the same paper, Tarlo (1959a) described an associated pliosaur skeleton, CAMSM J.35991, and referred it to P. It was discovered near the Arctic in 2008. There, she discovers that her ex-husband, zoologist Charles LeBlanc is attempting to buy the wetland for unknown reasons, and is looking for Pappy. large size of Predator X meant that when fully grown it would have been The controversial man behind the atomic bomb. The researchers published their findings in the Norwegian . (2000) based on its relatively small size and poorly developed dorsal blade and anteroventral ramus of the scapula. Should we get lobsters high before eating them? As also seen in CAMSM J.29564, it had cervical centra with ventral surface ornamentation, but lacking a ventral keel. (2013). He tells Tim, Laura, and Mandy to run as he's killed in a resulting gas explosion. Charles explains that the jaw belongs to the pliosaurus, and encourages Henry to investigate the disappearances himself. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. These are extremely territorial animals and will attack anything that comes near it. (2013) discussed only BHN 2R.370 originally referred to Pliosaurus grandis, stating that P. carpenteri has a similar count of dentary and symphysial teeth, and thus the specimen cannot be identified to species level. These specimens were collected at Headington Pits near Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, from the Kimmeridge Clay. Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria, Neoplesiosauria, Pliosauroidea - This is not to hunter it would just need the brain power to analyse its surroundings "Pliosaurus: Facts and Figures." brachyspondylus. Predator X (now called Pliosaurus Funkei) was a deadly giant. Other specimens that are referable to this species include OUMNH J.9285, and OUMNH J.9192 through OUMNH J.9301, all described by Owen (18411842) and were found associated with the holotype. Predator X - Mosasaur Facts - Google Sites [2] Tarlo (1959b) described the lectotype as "somewhat roughened", while Lydekker (1889a) described it as being "very coarse and rough" in reference to its ventral rugosity, resembling that of P. brachyspondylus. [28], The cladogram below follows a 2013 analysis by paleontologists Benson et al. Will Predator X be in ARK :: ARK: Survival Evolved General Discussions rossicus. Dorset pliosaur: 'Most fearsome predator' unveiled - BBC News Pliosaurus - Predator X - ARK - Official Community Forums unnecessary. [1], CAMSM J.35990, a complete postcranial skeleton originally referred to Stretosaurus macromerus, and later to Pliosaurus sp., might also pertain to P. kevani. [5] PMO 214.136 was discovered in 2007, following the collection of approximately 20,000 fragments that compose PMO 214.135[11] which were found moist in situ and degraded upon drying during the preparation process (individual fragments are catalogued at the University of Oslo Natural History Museum by specimen number followed by a slash and a number). Knutsen (2012) distinguished BRSMG Cc332 from P. brachyspondylus as the former has a "type IV" retroarticular process and a much lower degree of fusion between the anterior mandibular bones. The animal, now named Pliosaurus funkei, spanned about 40 feet (12. Known locations: Svalbard. Corrections? DORCM G.13,675 went on display in Dorchester County Museum in July 2011, after being in preparation between March 2010 and March 2011. Pliosaurus (Predator X) | Non-alien Creatures Wiki | Fandom The animal, now named Pliosaurus funkei, spanned about 40 feet (12 meters) and had a massive 6.5-foot-long (2 m) skull with a bite four times as powerful as Tyrannosaurus rex. Unexpected Chemical Detectives: ALMAs Surprise Discovery Aids Protoplanet Search, Tooth Decay Surprise: New Bacterial Culprit Discovered, Einstein Vindicated: Quasar Clocks Show Universe Was 5x Slower Soon After the Big Bang, Not Concussions: Scientists Unveil Real Drivers of CTE in Football, Deciphering the Mystery of Neutrino Mass A New Approach Uses Random Matrix Theory, Remarkable New Species of Meat-Eating Jurassic Dinosaur Discovered in Utah, A Child of Darkness: First Partial Skull of Homo naledi Child Found in Cave Near Chaos Chamber. From It grew to nearly 13 meters (43 feet) and weighed upwards of 4-8 tons (8,000-16,000 lbs . [2] Benson et al. (2013) agreed that it cannot be confidently diagnosed as a distinct species, or referred to an existing species with certainty. Tarlo (1959b) referred CAMSM J.35990, and two other very large, anterior cervical vertebral centra, CAMSM J.29562 and CAMSM J.30057, to Stretosaurus macromerus based on similar size and ornamentation of the cervical vertebrae. Even though none of the neural arches are fused to their centra in the vertebral column of both individuals (a possible juvenile trait), this feature is present in all large pliosaurids, and thus possibly paedomorphic within Pliosauridae. The specific name honors Bjrn Funke, the discoverer of the holotype, and his wife May-Liss Knudsen Funke for volunteering in the paleontological collections at the Museum. Ancient 'Predator X' Sea Monster Gets Official Name The specific name is derived from the name of Russia, where the holotype was found. After coming up short, Tim interrogates Charles as to why he's buying the wetland, although after getting little information, he instead decides to investigate the length of the wetlands along with local Froggy on a small motorboat in order to find Laura. Pliosaurus, aka "Predator X". The most powerful marine reptile ever Heres what science recommends. Road tripping across Michigans Upper Peninsula. Housed at the University of Oslo Natural History Museum, the skeletons were found south of Sassenfjorden, from the southeast side of Mount Knerten, in the Arctic Spitsbergen island. "They had teeth that would have made a T. rex whimper.". [1] Nicknamed "Westbury pliosaur I", it was first described by Taylor & Cruickshank (1993) and referred to P. brachyspondylus based on the absence of a ventral keel on the cervical vertebral centra. No actual bite force analysis could be complete due to the lack of a complete skull. In 2006, scientists unearthed two massive pliosaur skeletons in Svalbard, Norway, a string of islands halfway between Europe and the North Pole. [22] Therefore, he selected a single posterior cervical centrum, CAMSM J.29564, as the neotype of P. brachyspondylus, while P. giganteus became a nomen oblitum, forgotten name, as P. brachyspondylus had traditionally been given priority over it. Copyright 1998 - 2023 SciTechDaily. The specimen was collected at the Westbury Clay pit, Wiltshire, England, from subdivision E5 of the Aulacostephanus eudoxus ammonite zone, one metre below the Crussoliceras Limestone of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, dating to the late Kimmeridgian. The tragic result, authorities. macromerus. world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new ThoughtCo. Study The specimen was collected from the lower Volgian (early Tithonian) of Kazakhstan, and represents postcranial remains No. > Subscribe Free to Email Digest, The submersible Titan that recently garnered much of the worlds attention experienced a catastrophic implosion, according to the U.S. Coast Guard. After Charles finds out that Barry, and Larry killed Pappy, he instead puts a sonar device in the water that attracts the pliosaurus, and forces Laura to sign it; otherwise he'll feed Henry to the pliosaurus. (2013) diagnosed the species based on three autapomorphies. Pliosaurus: Facts and Figures. (2013)), 8-9 or more pairs of symphyseal teeth in dorsal view (12 pairs according to Benson et al. Ghesh-Kriv Predator X - The Giant Arctic Pliosaur - YouTube They are classified in the order Plesiosauria, along with their long-necked relatives, the plesiosaurs. Based on the presence of this trait, they tentatively referred OUMNH J.10454 (and thus possibly OUMNH J.50376 and OUMNH J.50377) to P.? bite forces of all the animals in the fossil record, although the He was the last king of America. (Carcharodon carcharias) in both size and type. [17] The holotype preserved trihedral teeth like other members of Pliosaurus, and bears 6 tooth pairs in the mandibular symphysis, similar to OUMNH J.10454. Please be respectful of copyright. Tia was part of a team at the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel that published the Empty Cradles series on preterm births, which won multiple awards, including the 2012 Casey Medal for Meritorious Journalism. Euclid space telescope launches this week. [1][2], Pliosaurus brachydeirus is the type species of the genus. [1] According to Knutsen (2012), OUMNH J.10454 is referable to P. macromerus, together with two associated fragments, OUMNH J.50376 and OUMNH J.50377, each constituting one ramus of a lower jaw from a single individual. Despite such restorations, though, we know very little about what the big pliosaur truly looked like. 'Predator X,' Prehistoric Marine Reptile, Given Official Name Knutsen et al. Although non-diagnostic at the species level, Benson et al. So much for "the most fearsome animal ever to swim . Heres how he lost the colonies. regarding the brain cavity of Predator X has revealed that its brain megalodon may have been able to match Predator X, P. funkei likely preyed on plesiosaurs, related long-necked, small-headed reptiles. Fossil representation: Single very fragmentary Combined with other fossil finds, the newly discovered behemoth skeletons of P. funkei paint a picture of an ancient Jurassic-era ocean filled with giant predators. (2013), the flat morphology of the proximal surface of the radius or tibia suggests that CAMSM J.35991 is a juvenile. It had "type II" retroarticular process and proportionally shorter humeri than P. funkei. Pliosaurus is currently known by eight separate species. Furthermore, it shares with P. kevani a very large body size and stratigraphically closer to P. kevani, but cannot be otherwise compared to it. The new analysis shows P. funkei had proportionally longer front paddles than other pliosaurs, as well as slightly different vertebrae shape and different spacing of teeth within the jaw, Druckenmiller said. We're also on Facebook& Google+. The creature was created by zoologist (and ex-husband of the protagonist, Laura Le Crois), Dr. Charles LeBlanc. [1], P. rossicus was first described and named by Nestor Ivanovich Novozhilov in 1948. [1], Benson et al. Charles soon arrives as well, and explains to Laura, Mandy, and Henry that he's going to feed them to the pliosaurus, which will soon lay a series of eggs. [1][2][4][5][6] Most species of Pliosaurus reached 8 metres (26ft) in length and 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons) in body mass, while P. rossicus and P. funkei may have reached or even exceeded 10 metres (33ft) in length and 11 metric tons (12 short tons) in body mass, being the largest plesiosaurs of all time. Predator X Officially Named Pliosaurus funkei - SciTechDaily The new species likely lived closer to 145 million years ago and ate plesiosaurs, related long-necked, small-headed reptiles. The next morning, Henry dies from his wounds, and Laura, and Mandy run off to find help. (2012) suggested that P. funkei is more similar to P. rossicus and the proposed neotype of P. macromerus than to P. brachydeirus and the proposed neotype of P. brachyspondylus in its cranial morphology.[5]. Diet: Carnivore. (2013) showed that the differences between them are relatively great even in the context of specimens from other localities. Predator X chomps on one of its long-necked plesiosaur neighbors. Together, the fossils suggest an ancient Arctic sea teeming with fearsome predators and invertebrate fauna, said study co-author Jorn Hurum of the University of Oslo in an email. DORCM G.13,675 was collected over a period of eight years as pieces up to 60 kilograms (130lb) in mass weathered out of the sea-cliff of Black Head. The skeletons were discovered during eight seasons of fieldwork (20042012 field seasons) in the Slottsmya Member, that have yielded other skeletal remains of marine reptiles, including the plesiosauroids Colymbosaurus svalbardensis, Djupedalia and Spitrasaurus, and the ichthyosaurs Cryopterygius and Palvennia. According to Benson et al. P. westburyensis also possesses a unique combination of characters, including: low dentary alveolar count including only 18 postsymphysial alveoli; teeth fully trihedral in cross-section, possessing a flat, anteroposteriorly broad labial surface lacking enamel ridges; relatively slight mediolateral expansion of premaxilla and maxillary caniniform region; six premaxillary alveoli; lack of anisodont premaxillary dentition; lack of diastema between maxillary and premaxillary alveolar rows; and cervical centra lacking ventral ridge. Laura's ex-boyfriend, Sheriff Tim Richards and his younger brother Deputy Henry are sent to investigate. the largest known specimen is a little over six meters long. Predator New NatGeo SharkFest show explains why. [7] Species of this genus are differentiated from other pliosaurids based on seven autapomorphies, including teeth that are triangular in cross section. A subtrihedral tooth from the Kimmeridge Clay of Ely, LEICT G418.1965.108, is also referred to Pliosaurus cf. News By Tia Ghose published 17 October 2012 P. funkei likely preyed on plesiosaurs, related long-necked, small-headed reptiles. [9] The specific name has occasionally erroneously been spelled as brachydirus, for example by Richard Lydekker (1889a, 1889b). The two known individuals of P. funkei preserve mostly different regions of the skeleton and overlap only by cervical vertebrae. Tarlo estimated that the skull length of this individual had originally been more than 3m (9.8ft),[19] however Benson et al. It was found in 1889 in the Aulacostephanus eudoxus ammonite zone of the lower Kimmeridge Clay, at the same locality as CAMSM J.29564 (the neotype for P. brachyspondylus). Other articles where Predator X is discussed: plesiosaur: funkei (known colloquially as "Predator X"), was unearthed in Svalbard in 2009. The animal, now named Pliosaurus funkei, spanned about 40 feet (12 meters) and had a massive 6.5-foot-long (2 m) skull with a bite four times as powerful as Tyrannosaurus rex. discoveries, and its best if you use this information as a jumping off [2] Benson et al. Barry gives chase, and manages to shoot Henry in the leg, although they manage to reach Laura's boat nonetheless. which is often Credit: Atlantic Productions. However, Froggy is revealed to be working for Charles, and takes her hostage as well. Additionally, Seeley's referral was based on a single character, "articular surface is very slightly concave, with a small round depression at the centre", a feature that is now known to be common in other pliosaurids as well. X (This is not a binomal name for a genus, it is more a reference Carnufex Carolinensis North Americas Top Predator Before Dinosaurs? (2013) referred it back to Pliosaurus, as it exhibits the diagnostic traits of the genus such as trihedral teeth. (2013) differentiated it from most specimens of Pliosaurus based on its subtrihedral teeth, which are otherwise present only in Pliosaurus kevani, and possibly also in Gallardosaurus iturraldei from the Oxfordian of Cuba. Its length and weight are estimated at 15 metres (about 49 feet) and. Time period: Tithonian of the Jurassic. It also has a long, sheet-like process of the maxilla that extends back to the anterolateral part of the maxillafrontal contact medial to the external naris, and terminates just anterior to midlength of the orbital. (2013), revealed that it had at least seven symphyseal tooth, but more likely nine. [2], P. irgisensis was first described and named by Nestor Ivanovich Novozhilov in 1948, under the name Peloneustes irgisensis. They were also more vicious animals. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Nevertheless, these cervical vertebrae are morphologically indistinguishable, and both individuals were found in proximity to one another, at exactly the same stratigraphic horizon of the Slottsmya member, strongly supporting the referral of PMO 214.136 to P. funkei. Therefore, it was tentatively referred to as Pliosaurus cf. rossicus. The specific name is derived from the name of the Maly Irgiz River, where the holotype was found. P. funkei is known from 2 specimens composed of 20,000 fragments found on the island of Svalbard, Norway. The current study suggests the creature is smaller than that, but still bigger than the largest living apex predator, the killer whale, which tops out at about 30 feet (9 m) long, Druckenmiller said. (2013) to be undiagnostic, with its holotype specimen most likely being a juvenile individual of one of the other species of Pliosaurus. [8] The etymology of the specific name was not specified, but it probably refers to the shorter teeth of P. brachydeirus compared to teeth of other species then referred to Plesiosaurus. Get Nat Geo newsletters plus unlimited access to free content. by Sassoon et al. The Visit our corporate site. Reference: A new species of Pliosaurus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Middle Volgian of central Spitsbergen, Norway by Espen M. Knutsen, Patrick S. Druckenmiller and Jrn H. Hurum, 2012, Norwegian Journal of Geology.PDF. After Laura drives him off, she is met by a man named Matt, who will be soon drafted into the Marines. Enjoy a free accountno credit card required. A giant, marine reptile that roamed the seas roughly 150 million years ago is a new species, researchers say. The megs were huge and wide meant for biting animals bigger than itself in half, like sperm whales and livyatans. Before this, paleontologists had only uncovered part of a tail vertebra. The largest species was Pliosaurus funkei, known informally as "Predator X". [2][1], Other specimens previously referred to P. macromerus are currently assigned to other species of Pliosaurus, rendering this species a nomen dubium. The beast, which is called a pliosaur, has been described as the most fearsome predator the . It often gets into fights with mosasaurus for many different reasons, usually territory. point for your own research. A Pliosaurus would have been 49 ft at 100,000 lbs. Back in 2009, researchers had become quite excited about Predator X, an immense, big-headed marine reptile that was supposed to have a bite four times stronger than Tyrannosaurus rex. [1] The generic name is derived from , pleion, meaning "more" and , sauros, meaning "lizard" in Ancient Greek, in reference to Owen' belief that Pliosaurus was more closely related to "saurians" (including crocodilians) than Plesiosaurus was. Predator X is probably the largest pliosaur and the Predator X is probably the largest pliosaur and the most powerful marine reptile ever, with a bite force stronger than T. rex. Considering the festive season, we thought it would be fun to take a look at this Arctic. "It's not just that we found a new species, we've been discovering a whole ecosystem," Druckenmiller said. P. giganteus was later synonymised by Lydekker (1889a) with P. brachydeirus, the type species. The information here is completely She holds a master's degree in bioengineering from the University of Washington, a graduate certificate in science writing from UC Santa Cruz and a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. https://www.thoughtco.com/pliosaurus-1091522 (accessed July 5, 2023). It was later noted by Pocock (1908), that the material was found in the lower part of the Kimmeridge Clay, as the pits expose the contact between the Kimmeridge Clay Formation and the underlying Corallian beds. Although it remains unclassified at present, some details are known. the work done so far Predator X appears to have been an exceptionally https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xtinction:_Predator_X&oldid=1127024583, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, Tony Senzamici as Louisiana Trooper Ayme, This page was last edited on 12 December 2022, at 13:44. [2] OXFUM J.10454 is a highly reconstructed and fragmentary specimen, with a total length of 287.5cm (9.43ft). (2013) argued that this cannot be currently determined. Cretaceous. brachydeirus. individual that is composed of roughly twenty thousand bone fragments, The jaws of this creature are thought to have produced a bite force of 33,000 psi (pound-force per, from the Jurassic, dubbed Predator X, was unearthed in Svalbard in 2009. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Ancient giant 'Predator X' sea monster finally gets a name - NBC News (Since the . Predator X | pliosaur | Britannica Size: Possibly as much as 15 meters long. Finally, it possesses comparatively longer forelimbs than other known pliosaurids, with a long humerus, more than 7 times the average width of cervical vertebral centra, in comparison to P. brachyspondylus and P. rossicus, which have humeri less than 4.5 times the cervical width. Its complete teeth count is not known, however, it has at least six pairs of teeth in the mandibular symphysis, and at least five premaxillary tooth pairs. [1], P. funkei is known from two partial skeletons, the holotype PMO 214.135 and the referred PMO 214.136, from the Svalbard archipelago of Norway. Pliosaurus funkei, nicknamed Predator X, was one of the largest pliosaurs known to have ever lived. "Pliosaurus: Facts and Figures." Currently, P. brachyspondylus and P. macromerus are considered dubious, while P. portentificus is considered undiagnostic. With a skull twice the size of a tyrannosaurus rex's, and a bite force unmatched by anything in the Jurassic seas, Predator X is the most powerful marine rep. Or get a Premium Subscription to access the best of Nat Geo - just $19, This place may have the highest density of great white sharks, Controversial oil drilling paused in Namibian wilderness, Dolphin moms use 'baby talk' with their calves, Nevada is crawling with swarms of smelly 'Mormon crickets'. Pliosaurus - Facts and Pictures - Dinosaurs - Pictures and Facts Predator "X", the most feared Pliosaur | YourDinosaurs About: Predator X (TV program) - DBpedia Association Barry, and Larry take out Matt to be fed to the pliosaurus while Henry encounters Charles after finding a jaw belonging to a large creature. brachyspondylus. by Sassoon et al. Several other cervical centra from the same strata at Weymouth, Dorsetshire, that had been named Plesiosaurus giganteus by Conybeare (1824), were also referred to Plesiosaurus brachyspondylus by Owen (1839).

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