siachen glacier height in feetsales compensation surveys

Updated : Jan 20, 2022, 12:27 IST. The average velocities for the accumulation and ablation regions are 9.70.4cmd1 and 20.40.4cmd1, respectively. Table 1. In fact, some brain cells even die less than five minutes after oxygen supply is cut off from the brain. Profile DD shows elevation loss even in the accumulation regions and elevation gain in parts of the lower ablation zone. Each elevation change has an uncertainty of 2.0 m. http://dds.cr.usgs.gov/-srtm/version2_1/SRTM3/. Changes in vegetation growth, permafrost freezing and thawing, soil moisture content and glacier motion between two SAR acquisitions are some of the pertinent causes of decorrelation. 8. Siachen Glacier - The Highest Battle Ground on Earth Verma, Akshaya Berthier, Etienne Facts about Amber Fort thatll leave you speechless! 7. However, their estimate did not include contributions from the lower portions of the ablation region, where we found significant elevation loss. The severe climate even freezes your sweat. This is likely to be caused by downwasting of ice in the lower ablation reaches near the terminus of the glacier. The ASAR operates in the C-band frequency range with a wavelength of 5.66cm. Here we used the SRTM3 V2 without void filling, which was provided by NASA in 2002 (http://dds.cr.usgs.gov/-srtm/version2_1/SRTM3/) (Table 1). The curves have been smoothed using a moving average filter with a span of five observations. Also evident is the sudden drastic retreat (~1.3km) of the distal part of the transition between exposed and debris-covered ice. The Karakoram Range, comprising ~18800km2 of glacier area (Bolch and others, Reference Bolch2012), accounts for nearly 3% of the total area of ice outside the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica (Cogley, Reference Cogley2012). Overall, exposed-ice area has decreased steadily, though slightly, over the period 19802014 (Table 5). DEM differencing necessitates co-registration to ensure that corresponding pixels in the two DEMs represent the same ground location. and Kraaijenbrink, Philip D. A. They drop the supplies at the forward posts which are at a height of more than 20,000 ft. . According to reports, the Indian Army cleared more than 130 tonnes of waste from Siachen Glacier, the world's highest battlefield, since January 2018. Area and mass changes of Siachen Glacier (East Karakoram) Cartosat-1: evaluating mapping capabilities, Four years of mass balance on ChhotaShigri Glacier, Himachal Pradesh, India, a new benchmark glacier in the western Himalaya, Global glacier changes: facts and figures, United Nations Environment Programme, World Glacier Monitoring Service. Has data issue: false One probable reason for this interesting observation is that debris-covered parts lying near the glacier margins have lower velocities compared with the exposed-ice parts located in the middle and having higher velocities (Fig. Let's work together to keep the conversation civil. The region is home to rare species including snow leopard, brown bear and ibex that are at risk because of the military presence in the region. This study presents area change from 1980 to 2014 and mass budget from 1999 to 2007 of Siachen Glacier in the eastern Karakoram. The volume of discharge generated by snow and glacial melt far exceeds the volume of the discharge generated in the downstream areas of the basin (Immerzeel and others, Reference Immerzeel, van Beek and Bierkens2010). Overall, this resulted in an uncertainty of 1.82% of the total exposed-ice area of Siachen Glacier mapped for the year 2007 (Table 5). Can the snowline be used as an indicator of the equilibrium line and mass balance for glaciers in the outer tropics? For creating exposed-ice boundaries using Landsat data products available for 1990, 2000 and 2014, the ratio of RED to SWIR digital numbers is computed, followed by a selection of an appropriate threshold value of 2.1 (Paul and Kb, Reference Paul and Kb2005; Bolch and others, Reference Bolch, Menounos and Wheate2010). Another big hurdle is evacuation. For a FBS with ground-range pixel spacing of 7.5m and an azimuthal pixel spacing of ~3m, two-dimensional (2-D) ice velocities can be computed with an expected error of 0.8m in 46 days or ~10m a1. But due to the rising tensions between both the sides, manning is done 24x7. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Siachen Glacier is the largest glacier in the entire Karakoram Range and extends between the latitudes of 3510N-3542N and longitudes 7646E-7725E (Fig. Table 2. The resulting C-band penetration depths, which increase from ~0.5m to at least 6.5m over the elevation range of the glacier, were subtracted on a pixel-by-pixel basis from the elevation differences (Cartosat-I DEM minus SRTM DEM) in order to get the true elevation differences. a1, respectively. Bhushan, Shashank For estimating the ELA of Siachen Glacier we have assumed that the late-summer snow line altitude (SLA), i.e. All the western tributary glaciers (except the one with profile FF) have velocities lower than average. In this process a second-order trend surface was calculated for all ice-free areas and added to the DEM (Pieczonka and others, Reference Pieczonka, Bolch and Buchroithner2011). Usually thin debris enhances melt, while thick debris cover reduces melt (Nicholson and Benn, Reference Nicholson and Benn2006). Elevation changes over exposed and debris-covered ice as a function of altitude. As a result, various measurement methods have evolved with their own sets of merits and demerits (Hoinkes, Reference Hoinkes1970). Bhambri, Rakesh In 2011, KH-9 images of the frame-MC with a resolution of 2030ft (~69m), a frame of 2346cm2 and a focal length of 30.5cm (Surazakov and Aizen, Reference Surazakov and Aizen2010; Padmanabha and others, Reference Padmanabha, Shashivardhan Reddy, Narender, Muralikrishnan and Dadhwal2014) were declassified. Velocity patterns along profiles AA to GG for the period 11 Dec 200826 Jan 2009 (Fig. a1 for the period of 19992007. The total area of the Siachen Glacier system was 936.921.1km2 in the year 2000. This helps to regulate the flow of rivers and streams, providing a steady supply of water for irrigation, drinking, and hydroelectric power generation. and Captain Bana Singh PVC (born 6 January 1949) is an Indian soldier and a recipient of the nation's highest gallantry award, the Param Vir Chakra. 1. 2017. Fig. Molaei, Ali SRTM data have been used as a reference DEM in a number of glaciological studies to generate elevation difference maps by comparing them with recent (Berthier and others, Reference Berthier2007; Paul and Haeberli, Reference Paul and Haeberli2008) and historical DEMs (Surazakov and Aizen, Reference Surazakov and Aizen2006; Schiefer and others, Reference Schiefer, Menounos and Wheate2007; Pieczonka and others, Reference Pieczonka, Bolch, Wie and Liu2013) and with repeat-track ICESAT data (Kb and others, Reference Kb, Berthier, Nuth, Gardelle and Arnaud2012; Neckel and others, Reference Neckel, Kropacek, Bolch and Hochschild2014). Mass balance of Siachen Glacier, Nubra valley, Karakoram Himalaya: facts or flaws? Profile EE shows minor thickening in the accumulation region, but major thinning (2070m) in the ablation area, which is probably due to the blockage of its flow by other tributary glaciers. By Andrew North. Then, the frost bites kick in, and things turn for the worse physically. evaporation and runoff) from hydrological inputs (i.e. 2020. Vincent, Christian The tributary with profile BB shows near-zero velocity in most of the accumulation area and lower portions of the ablation area but higher velocity in the middle. "coreDisableSocialShare": false, The KH-9 scene used in this study (Table 1) covers an area of ~161241km2, is mostly cloud free and has good image contrast for glacier mapping. This makes Siachen the largest glacier not only of the Karakoram but also of all of High Mountain Asia. Elevation changes along profiles AA to GG (Fig. Thus, the spatial heterogeneity is an important component of the Siachen Glacier system and it should be analyzed in greater detail for future studies. On 13 April 1984, Indian troops snatched control of the Siachen glacier in northern Kashmir, narrowly beating Pakistan. Like many other Himalayan and Karakoram glaciers, Siachen Glacier has not been monitored adequately owing to remoteness and years of military conflict in the area. Our unsung heroes of Siachen often find themselves isolated here, with nothing in sight for kilometers on end. To our knowledge, the present study presents the most comprehensive assessment of Siachen Glacier in terms of its mass budget, velocity and area. Chand, Pritam For section A of the main trunk (Fig. Indias Siachen Glacier has a place in the hearts and minds of its citizens. ISPRS Ann. Siachen Glacier | Description, Geography, History, Trivia, & Facts Siachen: The highest battlefield and its difficult terrain The Siachen glacier, in northern Kashmir, is regarded as the world's highest battlefield. First, everything that has to be delivered here weather it is food or any other essentials has to be through air, which means via helicopters having limited capacity. Water is an essential necessity and while you have snow all around you, it is really hard to heat water to use. All acquisitions were along orbit 523 (Table 3). This adjustment was very critical for shadow regions and accumulation areas of glaciers since they lack sufficient contrast, causing errors in parallax determination. Render date: 2023-07-04T03:15:55.648Z Fig. Its treacherous climate and inhuman conditions make it one of the most extreme places in the country, let alone a place where humans live and work. Aside from the Indian and Pakistani military presence, the glacier region is unpopulated. Feature Flags: { Since Siachen Glacier has a number of tributary glaciers with different SLAs, we computed the mean SLA from different tributaries. Siachen Glacier - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "corePageComponentUseShareaholicInsteadOfAddThis": true, 6) showed significantly lower velocities than the average velocity of Siachen Glacier. 10. Indias Siachen Glacier has a place in the hearts and minds of its citizens. hasContentIssue false. Forget another person, it is hard enough to even see your own hand when you hold it in front of you. These observed changes are despite the fact that a near-zero mass budget for Siachen Glacier (0.030.21m w.e. Siachen Base Camp, 12,000 feet above sea level at Partapur, is a base camp of 102 Infantry Brigade (Siachen brigade) of XIV Corps of Indian Army which protects 110 km long Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) with at least 108 forward military outposts and artillery observation posts in the disputed region of Siachen Glacier in Ladakh Union Territ. It lies in the Karakoram Range of mountains at the altitude of 5,400 meters above sea level. Reverchon, Camille Similarly, profile BB has shown thinning near the point B, where it meets the glacier trunk. Siachen Glacier-Download PDF Here . Coherence images from Envisat ASAR data used to validate the manual mapping and to delineate debris-covered tongue for different years. Arka Roy Chowdhury, TRAVEL TRENDS, LADAKH 2018. The lowest temperature - minus 57 degree Celsius - was reported from North Glacier, or Siachen, the highest battlefield in the world. The main challenge in this region is from snow blizzards and avalanches as was recently witnessed. India also installed the world's highest telephone booth on the glacier. (ad) Represent the interferometric pairs (Table 2). Army activates satellite-based internet service on Siachen Glacier Therefore it is necessary to make elevation-dependent corrections to the SRTM DEM in order to obtain the most precise estimates of glacier surface elevation. This method has been effectively used to delineate glaciers automatically (Atwood and others, Reference Atwood, Meyer and Arendt2010), study changes in snout position (Saraswat and others, Reference Saraswat2013) and identify debris-covered portions of glaciers (Frey and others, Reference Frey, Paul and Strozzi2012). India also installed the world's highest telephone booth on the glacier. To get a clear picture of elevation changes across the whole glacier, profiles of elevation differences (after penetration correction) were constructed along the main trunk and tributaries of Siachen Glacier. Hewitt, Kenneth Similarly, the accumulation area method suggested by Kulkarni and others (Reference Kulkarni, Rathore, Singh and Bahuguna2011) uses empirical, field-based relationships and can only be extrapolated to glaciers that lie within a certain climatic region (Kulkarni and others, Reference Kulkarni, Rathore and Alex2004). Since no field study could be conducted and no topographical maps are available, we have processed the Cartosat- I DEM without ground control points (GCPs). Verma, Sunil Kumar Getting a frostbite can be one of the harshest things to deal with when here. 2020. In the case of 2007 glacier boundaries, delineated using Cartosat-I images, a mapping uncertainty of 2.5m (1 pixel) is assumed. a1 during the period 200010. Haritashya, Umesh K. On the other hand, some portions of the accumulation region, which are potentially gaining mass, are unaccounted for in the present study. 5). List of Landsat Images used for ELA determination. To verify, just follow the link in the message, Understanding Siachen Glacier, what happens on worlds highest battleground, Photo courtesy: @robandronontherun/Instagram, initiative | Weather powered by Skymet Weather, (For more than one recipient, type addresses separated by commas). A spline transformation, which optimizes for local accuracy, was used to reference the images based on the TPs. It is difficult to mark the path as continuous snow may cover it and one may lose direction. Transportation of essential commodities is therefore difficult. The mass budget of Siachen Glacier is estimated to be 0.03 0.21 m w.e. Kumar, Sachin Location of Siachen Glacier. The mass budget results computed by Zaman and Liu (Reference Zaman and Liu2015) using hydrological method with probable overestimation of mass loss due to evaporation seem to be consistent with results of this study. The curves have been smoothed using a moving average filter with a span of five observations. Watson, C. Scott Hostname: page-component-7ff947fb49-xwnqc These lakes could, along with ice cliffs, enhance the ice melt at the debris-covered portions of the glacier (Ragettli and others, Reference Ragettli, Bolch and Pellicciotti2016). Severskiy, Igor Liu, Qiao Here the thinning is more prominent, reaching a maximum of 3540m. Thus, the debris-covered part down-glacier from the exposed-ice regions shows considerable thinning, which suggests rapid downwasting in these regions of low flow velocity. Sharma, Shubhra On the western tributary glaciers, profiles BB, CC, DD, EE and GG (Fig. Chand, Pritam . S1). More specifically, the mass budget of surging and non-surging glaciers was reported to be 0.110.31m w.e. In fact, it is a glacier and the second-longest in the non-polar areas of the world. The Siachen Glacier is in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan interim border at approximately . For a FBD with ground-range pixel spacing of ~15m, 2-D ice velocities can be computed with an expected error of 20m a1. While the tributary with profile DD shows decreasing velocities throughout its length, those with GG and EE show relatively low velocities persistent through the entire length of the accumulation and ablation areas. Negi, H. S. Kumar, Anant We would like to thank the European Space Agency for providing the Envisat data under the AOE 668 project. Cartosat-I stereo scenes with a spatial resolution of 2.5m, orthorectified on the basis of the Cartosat-I DEM generated in this study, were used to delineate the exposed-ice boundary manually for the year 2007. The total areal extent of Siachen Glacier did not change significantly between 1980 and 2014; however the exposed-ice area decreased during that period. Geodetic methods, comparing DEMs from at least two different times, have been extensively implemented for various regions around the globe, including Karakoram glaciers (Gardelle and others, Reference Gardelle, Berthier and Arnaud2012), Lahaul Spiti glaciers (Berthier and others, Reference Berthier2007), glaciers in Khumbu Himalaya (Bolch and others, Reference Bolch, Pieczonka and Benn2011; Nuimura and others, Reference Nuimura, Fujita, Yamaguch and Sharma2012), the Tien Shan (Bolch, Reference Bolch2015; Pieczonka and Bolch, Reference Pieczonka and Bolch2015) and in general for Pamir-Karakoram-Himalayan glaciers (Gardelle and others, Reference Gardelle, Berthier, Arnaud and Kb2013). To assess the changes in the position of the debris-covered snout, coherence maps were generated for the period 200408 by processing Envisat ASAR images with JPL/Caltech ROI_pac software using the methodology detailed in Simons and Rosen (Reference Simons and Rosen2007). The Siachen Glacier is the highest battleground on earth, [17] [18] where India and Pakistan have fought intermittently since 13 April 1984. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The specific aims of this study include: (1) analysis of changes in the area of Siachen Glacier (2) improving understanding of how surface mass budget affects the surface velocity pattern and thickness variations of the glacier; of particular interest, in this regard, are differences between the elevation changes of exposed and debris-covered ice (3) quantitative characterization of mass budget for Siachen Glacier utilizing high-precision, remote sensing-based geodetic techniques. Maintaining operational logs, and doing other things to keep busy is important, or else it can have an adverse effect on the mind. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. Mukherjee, Kriti The average velocity for the entire glacier during 11 December 200826 January 2009 is 12.30.4cmd1. Shukla, Anil D. At the time of publication, it represented the best available science. Bhambri, Rakesh For Cartosat-I data with 2.5m resolution, the required horizontal accuracy of GCPs should be in the range 11.5m, which for all practical purposes can only be achieved with in-situ measurements. In such conditions, soldiers actually tie each other with ropes in order to remain safe. a1) is roughly comparable with the +0.140.14m w.e. The study by Gardelle and others (Reference Gardelle, Berthier, Arnaud and Kb2013) also covered Siachen Glacier. Ironically, Siachen means 'places of the wild roses' in local lore. The mean thinning for this terminus zone is 30m for the period 19992007. The thinning becomes more prominent in the lower reaches of section B (40003750m) where thinning is in the range 1025m. Section C lies in the lower reaches of the ablation zone, near the debris-covered tongue. It is crucial to make adequate corrections for the penetration depth of the SRTM's C-band radar beams into snow and ice (Gardelle and others, Reference Gardelle, Berthier and Arnaud2012; Kb and others, Reference Kb, Berthier, Nuth, Gardelle and Arnaud2012). . . Gardelle and others (Reference Gardelle, Berthier and Arnaud2012), based on remotely sensed geodetic measurements over 5615km2 of glacierized area in the central Karakoram, computed a region-wide mass budget of 0.110.22m w.e. 7a) and drops steadily in the ablation area (section B) from a maximum at the end of Section A. The KH-9 program (code-named Hexagon) of the US military, operational from 1973 to 1980, was aimed at reconnaissance and map making. Photogramm. * Used for glacier mapping in places of non-coverage of Cartosat-I scenes. Tiwari, Sameer However the changes we describe above is in reference to the main trunk of Siachen Glacier only. and DEM difference error statistics before and after co-registration. Also shown is the 1 standard deviation confidence region (red lines). If we talk about the temperatures in the region, the severity of the weather can be gauged from the fact that the day temperature during winters settles between -50 degrees and -60 degrees Celsius which can definitely make survival for a human being near impossible. The average velocity of the entire glacier, as computed between 11 December 2008 and 26 January 2009, was 12.3 0.4 cm d1, while those estimated separately for the accumulation and ablation regions were 9.7 0.4 cm d1 and 20.4 0.4 cm d1, respectively. T. Bolch and T. Strozzi acknowledge funding by the European Space Agency (ESA) within the Glaciers_cci project (code 4000109873/14/I-NB). Location of Siachen Glacier. In order to support the identification of the debris-covered tongue and to study changes in snout position, we have used coherence mapping, which relies on high-precision interferometric techniques utilizing SAR data. The three tributary glaciers with an area >100km2 show on average thickening because their accumulation areas are large in proportion to their ablation areas. There exists only one other recent mass budget estimate for Siachen Glacier. Remote Sens. Clearly, the temperature of this place does not allow humans to use the ice cold water for any essential work. The adjusted DEM shows significant improvement in the standard deviation (with and without outlier removal), which reflects a good fit of the two DEMs after co-registration. and Total loading time: 0 (ad) Represent the interferometric pairs (Table 2). and This temporal decorrelation is most likely due to snowfall between June and July 2007. Life in Siachen - Times of India The area of Siachen Glacier has shown no significant variations during the study period. It can be as low as 10% of what we are generally used to. 3). the elevation of the snowline at the end of the hydrological year, can be considered as representative of the ELA (Rabatel and others, Reference Rabatel2012). The velocity estimates are for the period 26 January 200911 December 2008. Details of the optical image datasets used. Siachen is also considered as one of the most difficult terrains for human habitation, particularly during winters. India and Pakistan both claim the area and have thousands of soldiers stationed there. The height of this region varies from 19,000 feet to 25,000 feet. In addition, a few misclassified pixels were edited and deleted manually in order to refine the boundary. At the height of 6000 ft, the Siachen Glacier is the world's highest battleground. Siachen Glacier is the largest glacier in the entire Karakoram Range and extends between the latitudes of 3510N-3542N and longitudes 7646E-7725E . The next step in DEM generation was to compute the satellite stereo model, in order to determine the ground position of each point in the stereo scene. Kanda, Neha and mountaineering kits for soldiers guarding the glacier at heights ranging from 16,000 feet to 20,000 feet. Owing to the political sensitivity and logistic difficulties of the Karakoram region, studies of glacier dynamics (Copland and others, Reference Copland2009; Scherler and others, Reference Scherler, Bookhagen and Strecker2011) and mass budget (Gardelle and others, Reference Gardelle, Berthier and Arnaud2012; Kb and others, Reference Kb, Berthier, Nuth, Gardelle and Arnaud2012) have been primarily based on satellite observations. For generating velocity maps, we utilized wintertime ALOS PALSAR data, acquired on 11 December 2008 and 26 January 2009 in fine beam single (FBS) mode and summertime data acquired on 8 June 2007 and 24 July 2007 in fine beam dual (FBD) mode. Life at Siachen- World's highest battleground - One World News Ganju, A. What is this massive gravity hole in the Indian Ocean? Shrestha, Dibas The exposed-ice area has decreased by 1.3% from 1980 to 2014 while the debris-covered area has increased by 10.5% during the same period (Table 5). 9a), extending from an elevation of 5550m (point A) to 4850m, insignificant elevation changes (5 to +5m) are observed during the study period. Everest area from different optical sensors, Heterogeneous mass loss of glaciers in the AksuTarim Catchment (Central Tien Shan) revealed by 1976 KH-9 Hexagon and 2009 SPOT-5 stereo imagery, Spatial distribution and change in the surface ice- velocity field of Vestfonna ice cap, Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, 19952010 using geodetic and satellite interferometry data, Quantification of Everest region glacier velocity between 1992 and 2002, using satellite radar interferometry and feature tracking. The mean was taken as a quantitative estimate of the bias due to inaccuracies in the coregistration of the DEMs. However, since the hydrological method involves differencing of hydrologic variables with large magnitudes such as runoff, evapotranspiration and precipitation over the entire catchment, it is prone to large relative errors making the method less reliable (Zaman and Liu, Reference Zaman and Liu2015). Our estimate (0.030.21m w.e. Siachen Glacier, located near the Indo-Pak Line of Control, is known to be the highest battlefield in the world. Thirty years later, the two sides remain locked in a stand . This can be a horrible experience, imagine being covered in ice-frozen sweat. . 04. Pandit, Ankur Map displaying the traces of profile lines used to construct elevation change and velocity patterns for different glaciers. The Cartosat-I (IRS-P5) sensor is ideally suited for DEM generation in glaciological terrains, offering a base to height ratio of 0.62, a radiometric resolution of 10 bits and a spatial resolution of 2.5m (Tiwari and others, Reference Tiwari, Pande, Punia and Dadhwal2007; Bolch and others, Reference Bolch, Pieczonka and Benn2011; Pieczonka and others, Reference Pieczonka, Bolch and Buchroithner2011). Area and mass changes of Siachen Glacier (East Karakoram), Department of Applied Geology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India, Divsion of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zrich, Switzerland, Institute for Cartography, Technische Universitt Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany, Gamma Remote Sensing, Gmligen, Switzerland, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India, Reference Immerzeel, Pellicciotti and Bierkens, Reference Immerzeel, van Beek and Bierkens, Reference Kulkarni, Rathore, Singh and Bahuguna, Reference Nuimura, Fujita, Yamaguch and Sharma, Reference Gardelle, Berthier, Arnaud and Kb, Reference Scherler, Bookhagen and Strecker, Reference Kb, Berthier, Nuth, Gardelle and Arnaud, Reference Tiwari, Pande, Punia and Dadhwal, Reference Pieczonka, Bolch and Buchroithner, Reference Padmanabha, Shashivardhan Reddy, Narender, Muralikrishnan and Dadhwal, Reference Neckel, Kropacek, Bolch and Hochschild, Reference Strozzi, Koureav, Wegmlle, Sharoy and Werner, Reference Jarvis, Reuter, Nelson and Guevara, $${\rm dh} = a \cdot \tan \alpha \cdot \cos \;(b - \psi ) + \; {\rm dh}{\rm ^{\prime}}$$, Reference Berthier, Arnaud, Vincent and Rmy, Reference Seehaus, Marinsek, Helm, Skvarca and Braun, Reference Hagg, Braun, Uvarov and Makarevicha, Reference Ragettli, Bolch and Pellicciotti, Reference Bolch, Buchroithner, Peters, Baessler and Bajracharya, Reference Bel, Mayer, Smiraglia and Tamburini, Using L-Band SAR coherence to delineate glacier extent, Reconstruction of the annual mass balance of Chhota Shigri glacier, Western Himalaya, India since 1969, Multivariate controls on the incidence of glacier surging in the Karakoram Himalaya, The recent evolution of Liligo glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan, and its present quiescent phase, Biases of SRTM in high-mountain areas: implications for the monitoring of glacier volume changes, Remote sensing estimates of glacier mass balances in the Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya, India), Heterogeneity in glacier response in the upper Shyok valley, northeast Karakoram, Overall recession and mass budget of Gangotri Glacier, Garhwal Himalayas, from 1965 to 2015 using remote sensing data, Mass-balance studies on Siachen Glacier in the Nubra valley, Karakoram Himalaya, India, Glacier area and mass changes since 1964 in the Ala Archa Valley, Kyrgyz Ala-Too, northern Tien Shan, Identification of glacier motion and potentially dangerous glacier lakes at Mt. Kargel, Jeffrey S. The status of glaciers in the Karakoram has a direct impact on some of the key components of the global water cycle, global mean sea-level rise (Gardelle and others, Reference Gardelle, Berthier and Arnaud2012), freshwater availability and the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods and droughts.

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